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Structure of the Atom Class 9th Notes - Free NCERT Class 9 Science Chapter 4 Notes - Download PDF

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Structure of the Atom Class 9th Notes - Free NCERT Class 9 Science Chapter 4 Notes - Download PDF

Edited By Sumit Saini | Updated on Apr 21, 2022 04:13 PM IST

Class 9 Science chapter 4 notes will introduce you to the fact that atoms which are the building block of matter are having further constituents. Structure of the atom class 9 notes helps us to find the arrangement of subatomic particles in the atom. CBSE class 9 Science chapter 4 notes informs about various experiments performed by scientists to find out the structure of the atom. These notes for Class 9th Science chapter 4 will aid you in passing your tests. Students can also choose to download the Structure of the atom Class 9 notes pdf file.

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NCERT Class 9 Science Chapter 4 Notes

Introduction: class 9th Science chapter 4 notes informs that every matter is made up of atoms and molecules. Structure of the atom class 9 notes tells that there was a fact which was earlier raised that atoms are indivisible but now scientists were able to prove that some sub-atomical particles are present in atoms. Structure of the atom class 9 notes pdf download explains a Series of experiments that have been performed to find the arrangement of these sub-atomical particles. here we will look into various experiments explaining the characteristics features of an atom. We will also look into the merits and demerits of different structures of atoms.

Charged particles in matter

Initially, atoms were considered indivisible but later on, it was formulated that they are made up of subatomic particles that are negatively charged and they were called electrons. Those were discovered by J.J. Thomson. E. Goldstein in 1886 found out that there were some radiations present in atoms that were termed as canal rays, and it was concluded later that two kinds of sub-atomical particles are there are electrons and protons. Protons are having the same magnitude but opposite charge as compared to electrons and protons is having 2000 more mass as compared to the electron.

Structure of atom

The theory that the atom is indivisible was put forward by Dalton and later on, it was proved wrong. After the discovery of electrons and protons, the scientist started thinking of arranging these particles in an atom therefore different models were proposed to explain the distribution of subatomic particles in an atom. The first simple model was proposed by JJ Thomson which is known as Thomson atomic model.

Thomson’s model of an atom

JJ Thomson proposed that an atom consists of a uniform sphere in which positive charge is uniformly distributed. the electrons are embedded into it in such a way as to give the most stable atom. this model was much like pudding or cake because he assumed a pudding as a positive charge and the resins inside of as electrons embedded into it. this model was also compared with the watermelon model as a positive charge in which seeds (electrons) are embedded. an important feature of this model is that mass of the atom is considered to be evenly spread over the atom. this model explains the neutrality of the atom however it was soon discarded when other scientists experimental results inquired about some questions that were not answered by this model.

Rutherford's model of atom

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In 1909, Rutherford and a student conducted a series of experiments to better understand how electrons and protons are arranged in an atom. Rutherford's scattering experiments were the name of his experiment. A bit of radioactive material, such as radium, was inserted in the lead block in this experiment. The block is designed with slits so that only a limited beam of an alpha particle can escape. To detect alpha particles, a high-energy particle beam was aimed at a thin gold foil with a thickness of around 100 nm. After scattering, a moveable circular screen covered with zinc sulphide was placed around the gold foil.

When an alpha particle hits the zinc sulphide screen, it causes flashes of light that may be seen. The proportions of alpha particles deflected through various angles could be determined, and the following observations could be made as a result of this experiment:

  • Through the gold foil, the majority of the alpha particle remained undeflected.

  • A small percentage of alpha particles were discovered to have been deflected at modest angles.

  • A small percentage of particles did not travel through the foil at all, but instead suffered significant deflection or even returned after 180° deflection.

  • Because the majority of the alpha particles went through the gold foil undeflected, Rutherford concluded that there must be a lot of free space within the atom. Alpha particles are positively charged and have a lot of mass. Due to the huge force of repulsion, they can only be deflected if they approach close to a heavy positively charged mass. Since some of the alpha particles deflected to certain angles it means that there is a heavily positively charged mass present in the atom and because just a few particles experienced large deflections, this mass must be occupying a very limited space within the atom.

  • The direct impact with the massive positively charged mass of the atom was described as the cause of the strong deflections or even bouncing back of alpha particles from the foil.

Following were the main features of the model of the Rutherford :

  • The whole mass and positive charge of an atom are concentrated in a very tiny region at the core known as the nucleus; nonetheless, the volume occupied by the nucleus is negligibly small when compared to the overall volume of the atom.

  • Protons are responsible for the nucleus' positive charge. For various atoms, the size of the positive charge on the nucleus, i.e. the number of protons, varies.

  • The mass of the nucleus comes from protons and other neutral particles, each of which has a mass that is almost equivalent to that of a proton.

  • The structure is electrically neutral because the nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged electrons that balance the positive charge on the nucleus.

  • Electrons are not static; they spin around the nucleus at a rapid rate, similar to how planets orbit the sun. The nucleus of an atom represents the sun while circulating electrons represent the planets.

  • The electrostatic force of attraction holds electrons and the nucleus together.

  • The majority of the space between the nucleus and the spinning electron is vacant.

This atomic model failed to explain the stability of atoms.

Drawbacks of Rutherford model:

Electrons revolve around the positively charged nucleus, according to the Rutherford atom model. However, in the long run, it is not conceivable since atoms are stable, whereas any particle in a circular orbit will accelerate. Charged particles would radiate energy as they accelerated. As a revolving electron loses energy and eventually falls into the nucleus, this model fails to explain atomic stability.

Bohrs model of the atom

To correct the drawbacks of Rutherford, Bohr came up with another model of an atom. Following were the postulates of Bohr’s atomic model :

1. Only certain orbits knowns are discrete orbits are allowed inside the atom

2. While revolving in these discrete orbits electrons do not radiate energy.

These orbits or shells are known as energy levels.These are names as K(n=1), M(n=2), O(n=3), P(n=4)...

Neutrons
In 1932, J. Chadwick discovered another subatomic particle called a neutron. neutron is not having any charge and its mass is equal to that of a proton. It was suspected that the nucleus is having protons and neutrons and as neutrons are chargeless that’s why the charge of the nucleus was concluded to be positive. Neutron is represented by 'n' and the mass of an atom is given by the sum of neutron and proton.

How electrons are filled in different orbits

The dispersion of electrons into different orbits of an atom was proposed by Bohr and Bury. They proposed a set of principles that must be observed when filling a shell with electrons. The number of electrons in different energy levels or shells is written using the following rules:

  • Formula 2n2 calculates the maximum number of electrons in a shell, where 'n' is the orbit number or energy level index. The values of n are 1,2,3,...

  • As a result, the maximum number of electrons that can be present in each shell is:

  • The first orbit, often known as the K-shell, will be = 2 x 1 = 2. The second orbit, often known as the L-shell, will be = 2*4=8. The third orbit, often known as the M-shell, will be 2 * 9= 18. The fourth orbit, often known as the N-shell, will be 2*16 = 32, and so on.

  • In the outermost orbit, a maximum of eight electrons can be supported.

  • The inner shells must be filled before electrons may be accommodated in a given shell. That is to say, the shells are filled one at a time.

Valency

We have now already learnt how the electrons are filled in shells. The electrons that are present in the outermost shell are known as valence electrons. In some elements, the outermost shell is complete which is they are having a total of eight electrons and they are not capable of chemically reacting, these elements are known as inert elements. for eg Helium, neon, argon etc. We can take the example of fluorine and oxygen as the atomic number of fluorine is nine that is the total number of protons that is equal to several electrons is equal to 9, its electronic configuration is 2,7.

it can either lose seven electrons or can gain one electron to an octet Gaining one electron will require less energy as compared to losing seven electrons does fluorine will gain one electron. if you take the example of magnesium which is having an atomic number of 12, its configuration is 2,8,2 it will be easier for magnesium to lose two electrons to gain stability.

all the elements in which electrons in the outermost shell are less than 8 are chemically reactive. They share, gain or lose an electron to complete their octet, completing their octet provides them stability this combining capacity of the elements to complete their octet is known as their valency.

Atomic number and mass number

Atomic number

The atomic number of an element is described by the total number of protons present in its nucleus. It is represented by Z, also the number of protons(p) is equal to the number of electrons(e) in an atom.

Mass number

The sum of the neutrons and protons is known as mass number. the total mass of the atom is equal to the mass of the nucleus and neutrons and protons are present in the nucleus, both these subatomic particles together are known as nucleons. The mass number is represented by A.

Generally, an atom is represented by its symbol for the element atomic number is written on the lower side of the symbol and the mass number is written on the upper side.

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element which have the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Since the atomic number of different isotopes of the same element is the same it means that they have the same number of electrons and protons, the difference in their mass numbers is due to a different number of neutrons present in their nuclei.

hydrogen is the common example which has 3 isotopes these are commonly known as hydrogen, deuterium and tritium. these 3 isotopes have the same atomic number one but different mass numbers 1,2 and 3 respectively. the term hydrogen is used only for the first isotope all these isotopes have only one electron.

similarly, chlorine has 2 isotopes having the same atomic number Z=17 whereas their mass numbers are 35 and 37 when we take the mass number of chlorine then we take an average of these 2 numbers. it may be noted that the chemical properties of atoms are mainly controlled by electrons which are determined by the number of protons in the nucleus therefore all the isotopes that have given element will show the same chemical properties.

Isobars

Atoms of different elements having the same mass number but different atomic numbers are called isobars since Isobars have the same mass number therefore the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of each atom is the same. These atoms differ in their atomic number and therefore they have a different number of protons or electrons and also a different number of neutrons.

for example, if you take the case of argon, potassium and calcium all of them are having mass numbers 40 but their atomic numbers are 18, 19 and 20 respectively isobars are an atom of different elements and hence they have different properties.
Significance of NCERT class 9 Science chapter 4 notes

Structure of the atom Class 9th notes will assist you in revising the chapter and gaining an understanding of the main concepts addressed. These Notes for Class 9 Science Chapter 4 are also not complicated, and they thoroughly explain step-by-step approaches to guarantee that students understand the concepts of this chapter, which is part of the CBSE Science syllabus for class 9. Structure of the atom class 9 notes pdf download can be utilised for offline preparation.

NCERT solutions of class 9 subject wise

NCERT Class 9 Exemplar Solutions for Other Subjects:

Class 10 Chapter Wise Notes

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

1. Based on Thomson’s model of an atom, explain how the atom is electrically neutral

Class 9 Science chapter 4 notes and class 9 Structure of the atom explain that  According to Thomson’s model of an atom

(i) The electrons are enclosed in a positively charged sphere that makes up an atom

(ii) The magnitude of negative and positive charges in an atom is the same. As a result, the atom is electrically uncharged.

2. The nucleus of a helium atom has two protons and has an atomic mass of 4 u. In an atom, how many neutrons are there?

The total of the masses of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus is known as its atomic mass.

Given that the mass of the helium atom is 4 u and two protons are present in its nucleus.
So the number of neutrons will be
Number of neutrons = atomic mass − number of protons 
Number of neutrons = 4−2
∴Number of neutrons = 2
Therefore, the helium atom has 2 neutrons

3. Write the distribution of electrons in carbon and sodium atoms according to cbse class 9 Science chapter 4 notes

 Atomic number of carbon is 6 and the atomic number of sodium is 11. So the distribution of electrons in carbon atom is 6 = 2,4 Distribution of electrons in the sodium atom is 11 = 2,8,1.

4. Na+ has completely filled K and L shells. Explain as per NCERT class 9 Science chapter 4 notes.

NCERT class 9 Science chapter 4 note tells that With an atomic number of 11, sodium (Na) has an electrical configuration of 2,8,1. It possesses a single electron in the outermost shell, and when that electron is given away, it forms Na+, with electrical configuration 2,8. In addition, the K shell has a total of 2 electrons, whereas the L shell has a maximum of 8 electrons. As a result, Na+ has entirely filled the shells of K and L.

5. According to NCERT notes for class 9 Science chapter 4, why is the atomic number more essential than atomic weight in determining the chemical characteristics of elements?

According to class 9 Science chapter 4 notes pdf download, atomic number is the number of protons present in the nucleus of an  element. Number of protons is the same as the number of electrons. While atomic mass number is both the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Since most of the reactions depend on the valence electrons, atomic number is more essential. So, atomic mass number or atomic weight is less essential in determining the chemical characteristics of elements.

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A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of 2.00 ms-1 on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a single body. The energy loss during the collision is

Option 1)

0.34\; J

Option 2)

0.16\; J

Option 3)

1.00\; J

Option 4)

0.67\; J

A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times.  Assume that the potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is dissipated.  How much fat will he use up considering the work done only when the weight is lifted up ?  Fat supplies 3.8×107 J of energy per kg which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate.  Take g = 9.8 ms−2 :

Option 1)

2.45×10−3 kg

Option 2)

 6.45×10−3 kg

Option 3)

 9.89×10−3 kg

Option 4)

12.89×10−3 kg

 

An athlete in the olympic games covers a distance of 100 m in 10 s. His kinetic energy can be estimated to be in the range

Option 1)

2,000 \; J - 5,000\; J

Option 2)

200 \, \, J - 500 \, \, J

Option 3)

2\times 10^{5}J-3\times 10^{5}J

Option 4)

20,000 \, \, J - 50,000 \, \, J

A particle is projected at 600   to the horizontal with a kinetic energy K. The kinetic energy at the highest point

Option 1)

K/2\,

Option 2)

\; K\;

Option 3)

zero\;

Option 4)

K/4

In the reaction,

2Al_{(s)}+6HCL_{(aq)}\rightarrow 2Al^{3+}\, _{(aq)}+6Cl^{-}\, _{(aq)}+3H_{2(g)}

Option 1)

11.2\, L\, H_{2(g)}  at STP  is produced for every mole HCL_{(aq)}  consumed

Option 2)

6L\, HCl_{(aq)}  is consumed for ever 3L\, H_{2(g)}      produced

Option 3)

33.6 L\, H_{2(g)} is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts

Option 4)

67.2\, L\, H_{2(g)} at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts .

How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg_{3}(PO_{4})_{2} will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?

Option 1)

0.02

Option 2)

3.125 × 10-2

Option 3)

1.25 × 10-2

Option 4)

2.5 × 10-2

If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one mole of a substance will

Option 1)

decrease twice

Option 2)

increase two fold

Option 3)

remain unchanged

Option 4)

be a function of the molecular mass of the substance.

With increase of temperature, which of these changes?

Option 1)

Molality

Option 2)

Weight fraction of solute

Option 3)

Fraction of solute present in water

Option 4)

Mole fraction.

Number of atoms in 558.5 gram Fe (at. wt.of Fe = 55.85 g mol-1) is

Option 1)

twice that in 60 g carbon

Option 2)

6.023 × 1022

Option 3)

half that in 8 g He

Option 4)

558.5 × 6.023 × 1023

A pulley of radius 2 m is rotated about its axis by a force F = (20t - 5t2) newton (where t is measured in seconds) applied tangentially. If the moment of inertia of the pulley about its axis of rotation is 10 kg m2 , the number of rotations made by the pulley before its direction of motion if reversed, is

Option 1)

less than 3

Option 2)

more than 3 but less than 6

Option 3)

more than 6 but less than 9

Option 4)

more than 9

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Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

2 Jobs Available
Videographer
2 Jobs Available
Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

2 Jobs Available
Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

2 Jobs Available
Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism, Advertising, Marketing Management. Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

5 Jobs Available
Journalist

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

3 Jobs Available
Publisher

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

3 Jobs Available
Vlogger

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

3 Jobs Available
Editor

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

3 Jobs Available
Linguist

Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning). 

Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French, German, Italian

2 Jobs Available
Public Relation Executive
2 Jobs Available
Travel Journalist

The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.

2 Jobs Available
Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

5 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Production Manager
3 Jobs Available
Merchandiser
2 Jobs Available
QA Lead

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

2 Jobs Available
Metallurgical Engineer

A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment. 

2 Jobs Available
Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

4 Jobs Available
AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

4 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

3 Jobs Available
ITSM Manager
3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

3 Jobs Available
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