UP Board 12th Exam 2026 - Exam Pattern, Syllabus, Admit Card, Dates, Result

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Classification of solids based on different binding forces: Molecular, ionic, covalent, and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
• Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, Raoult's law, colligative properties‐relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point
• Depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity
• Variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant
• Integrated rate equations and half‐life (only for zero and first order reactions)

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Adsorption‐physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, colloidal state: Distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic, multi‐molecular and macromolecular colloids
• Properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Group‐15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen preparation properties and uses
• Group‐15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid
• Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: Preparation, properties and uses, classification of oxides, ozone, sulphur‐allotropic forms
• Group 16 elements: Compounds of sulphur-preparation, properties and uses of sulphur‐dioxide, sulphuric acid: Properties and uses; oxoacids of sulphur (structures only)
• Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds
• Group 17 elements: Oxoacids of halogens (structures only)
• Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses

Chemistry: Unit 07

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals-metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour
• Catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
• Lanthanoids‐electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Coordination compounds‐introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
• Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only)

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Carbohydrates: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D‐L configuration
• Proteins: Elementary idea of‐amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins‐primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins
• Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Biology: Unit 01

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination-types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Post fertilization events-development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modesapomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation
• Human reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation
• Human reproduction: Pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea)
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
• Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

Biology: Unit 02

• Principles of inheritance and variation: Heredity and variation-Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism-incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
• Principles of inheritance and variation: Chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; sex determination-in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance-haemophilia, colour blindness
• Principles of inheritance and variation: Mendelian disorders in humans-thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation-lac operon
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Genome and human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting

Biology: Unit 03

• Human health and diseases: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chickengunia, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; basic concepts of immunology-vaccines
• Human health and diseases: Cancer, HIV and AIDS; adolescence-drug and alcohol abuse
• Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use

Biology: Unit 04

• Biotechnology-principles and processes: Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)
• Biotechnology and its application: Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture-human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; transgenic animals
• Biotechnology and its application: Biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents

Biology: Unit 05

• Organisms and populations: Organisms and environment-habitat and niche, population and ecological adaptations; population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Biodiversity-concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, red data book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries

History: Unit 01

History: Unit 02

History: Unit 03

History: Unit 04

History: Unit 05

History: Unit 06

History: Unit 07

History: Unit 08

History: Unit 09

History: Unit 10

History: Unit 11

History: Unit 12

Geography-fundamentals of human geography: Unit 01

Geography-fundamentals of human geography: Unit 02

• Population‐distribution, density and growth
• Population change‐spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change
• Population composition‐age‐sex ratio; rural‐urban composition
• Human development‐concept; selected indicators, international comparisons

Geography-fundamentals of human geography: Unit 03

• Primary activities‐concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities‐some examples from selected countries
• Secondary activities‐concept; manufacturing: Types‐household, small scale, large scale; agro based and mineral based industries; people engaged in secondary activities‐some examples from selected countries
• Tertiary activities‐concept; trade, transport and tourism; services; people engaged in tertiary activities-some examples from selected countries
• Quatenary activities‐concept; people engaged in quatenary activities‐case study from selected countries

Geography-fundamentals of human geography: Unit 04

• Settlement types‐rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of mega cities; problems of human settlements in developing countries

Geography-fundamentals of human geography: Unit 05

Geography-India: People and economy: Unit 01

• Population: Distribution, density and growth; composition of population‐linguistic, religious; sex, rural‐urban and occupational‐regional variations in growth of population
• Migration: International, national‐causes and consequences
• Human development: Selected indicators and regional patterns
• Population, environment and development

Geography-India: People and economy: Unit 02

• Rural settlements‐types and distribution
• Urban settlements‐types, distribution and functional classification

Geography-India: People and economy: Unit 03

• Water resources‐availability and utilization‐irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods‐rain water harvesting and watershed management
• Mineral and energy resources‐distribution of metallic (iron ore, copper, bauxite, manganese); non‐metallic (mica, salt) minerals
• Mineral and energy resources‐conventional (coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity) and non‐conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and conservation
• Planning in India‐target group area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study)

Geography-India: People and economy: Unit 04

• Environmental pollution; urban‐waste disposal
• Urbanization, rural‐urban migration; problems of slums
• Land degradation

Geography-India: People and economy: Unit 05

Civics-a contemporary world politics: Unit 01

• Emergence of two power blocs after the second world war
• Arenas of the cold war
• Challenges to the bipolarity: Non aligned movement, quest for new International economic order
• India and the cold war

Civics-a contemporary world politics: Unit 02

• New entities in the world politics: Russia, Balkan states and central Asian states
• Introduction of democratic politics and capitalism in post communist regimes, India's relations with Russia and other post-communist countries

Civics-a contemporary world politics: Unit 03

• Rise of China as an economic power in post-Mao era, creation and expansion of European Union, ASEAN
• India's changing relations with China

Civics-a contemporary world politics: Unit 04

• Democratisation in Pakistan and Nepal
• Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka
• Impact of economic globalization on the region
• Conflicts and efforts for peace in South Asia India's relation with its neighbours

Civics-a contemporary world politics: Unit 05

• Restructuring and the future of the UN
• India's position in the restructured UN
• Rise of new international actors: New international economic organizations, NGO's
• How democratic and accountable are the new institutions of global governance?

Civics-a contemporary world politics: Unit 06

• Environment movement and evolution of global environmental norms
• Conflicts over traditional and common property resources
• Rights of indigenous people India's stand in global environmental debates

Civics-politics in India since independence: Unit 01

• Nehru's approach to nation-building; legacy of partition: Challenge of 'Refugee' resettlement, the Kashmir problem organization and reorganization of states ; political conflicts over language

Civics-politics in India since independence: Unit 02

• Five year plans, expansion of state sector and the rise of new economic interests
• Famine and suspension of five year plans, green revolution and its political fallouts

Civics-politics in India since independence: Unit 03

• Nehru's foreign policy Sino-Indian war of 1962, Indo-Pak war of 1965 and 1971
• India's nuclear programme
• Shifting alliance in world politics

Civics-politics in India since independence: Unit 04

• Navnirmaan movement in Gujarat and the Bihar movement, emergency: Context, constitutional and extra-constitutional dimensions, resistance to emergency
• 1977 elections and the formation of Janta party
• Rise of civil liberties organizations

Civics-politics in India since independence: Unit 05

• Farmer's movements, Women's movement, environment and development-affected people's movements

Civics-politics in India since independence: Unit 06

• Rise of regional parties
• Punjab crisis and the anti-sikh riots of 1984
• The Kashmir situation
• Challenges and responses in the North East

Civics-politics in India since independence: Unit 07

• Participatory upsurge in 1990s
• Rise of the JD and the BJP
• Increasing role of regional parties and coalition politics
• Coalition governments: NDA (1998-2004), UPA (2004-2014), implementation of Mandal commission report. Communalism, secularism and Democracy

Economics-introductory microeconomics: Unit 01

• Meaning of microeconomics and macroeconomics, positive and normative economics
• What is an economy?, central problems of an economy-what, how and for whom to produce
• Opportunity cost

Economics-introductory microeconomics: Unit 02

• Consumer's equilibrium meaning of utility, marginal utility, law of diminishing, marginal utility, conditions of consumer's equilibrium using marginal utility analysis
• Indifference curve analysis of consumer's equilibrium-the consumer's budget (budget set and budget line), preferences of the consumer (indifference curve, indifference map) and conditions of consumer's equilibrium
• Demand, market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule, demand curve and its slope, movement along and shifts in the demand curve; price elasticity of demand-factors affecting price elasticity of demand
• Measurement of price elasticity of demand-percentage-change method

Economics-introductory microeconomics: Unit 03

• Meaning of production function-short-run and long-run
• Total product, average product and marginal product
• Returns to a Factor
• Cost: Short run costs-total cost, total fixed cost, total variable cost; average cost; average fixed cost, average variable cost and marginal cost-meaning and their relationships
• Revenue-total, average and marginal revenue-meaning and their relationship
• Producer's equilibrium-meaning and its conditions in terms of marginal revenue marginal cost
• Supply, market supply, determinants of supply, supply schedule, supply curve and its slope, movements along and shifts in supply curve, price elasticity of supply; measurement of price elasticity of supply-percentage-change method

Economics-introductory microeconomics: Unit 04

• Perfect competition-features; determination of market equilibrium and effects of shifts in demand and supply
• Other market forms-monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly-their meaning and features
• Simple applications of demand and supply: Price ceiling, price floor

Economics-introductory macroeconomics: Unit 01

• What is macroeconomics?
• Basic concepts in macroeconomics: Consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation
• Circular flow of income (two sector model); methods of calculating national income-value added or product method, expenditure method, income method
• Aggregates related to national income: Gross national product (GNP), net national product (NNP), gross and net domestic product (GDP and NDP)-at market price, at factor cost; real and nominal GDP. GDP and welfare

Economics-introductory macroeconomics: Unit 02

• Money-meaning and supply of money-currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks
• Money creation by the commercial banking system
• Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker's Bank, Control of Credit through Bank Rate, CRR, SLR, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement

Economics-introductory macroeconomics: Unit 03

• Aggregate demand and its components
• Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal)
• Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism
• Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment
• Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them-changes in government spending, taxes and money supply

Economics-introductory macroeconomics: Unit 04

• Government budget-meaning, objectives and components
• Classification of receipts-revenue receipts and capital receipts; classification of expenditure-revenue expenditure and capital expenditure

Economics-introductory macroeconomics: Unit 05

• Balance of payments account-meaning and components; balance of payments deficit-meaning
• Foreign exchange rate-meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating
• Determination of exchange rate in a free market

Sociology-Indian society: Unit 01

• Colonialism, nationalism, class and community

Sociology-Indian society: Unit 02

• Theories and concepts in demography, rural urban linkages and division

Sociology-Indian society: Unit 03

• The caste system, tribal community, family and kinship

Sociology-Indian society: Unit 04

• Caste prejudice, schedule caste and other backward classes, marginalization of tribal communities, the struggle women's equality, the struggle of the differently abled

Sociology-Indian society: Unit 05

• Cultural communities and the nation state, problems of communalism, regionalism and casteism, the nation state, religion related issues and dentities, communalism, secularism and nation state, state and civil society

Sociology-Indian society: Unit 06

• Survey system, interview, a combination of observation and contemporary methods, potential cases and topics for a small research project

Sociology-change and development in India: Unit 01

• Modernization, westernization, sanskritisation, secularization, social reform movements and laws

Sociology-change and development in India: Unit 02

• The constitution as an instrument of social change, Panchayati raj and the challenges of social transformation, parties; pressure groups and democratic politics

Sociology-change and development in India: Unit 03

• Land reforms, green revolution and emerging agrarian society, agrarian structure: Caste and class in rural India, land reforms, green revolution and its social consequences, transformation in rural society, globalization, literalization and rural society

Sociology-change and development in India: Unit 04

• From planned industrialization to liberalization, work process, working state, strike and trade union

Sociology-change and development in India: Unit 05

• Theories and classification of social movements, class based movements, dalit movement, backward castes, trends in upper caste responses, women's movements in Independent India, tribal movements, environmental movements

English: Unit 01

• A girl with a basket: William C. Douglas, A fellow-traveller: A.G. Gardiner, The Home coming: R.N. Tagore, Women’s education: Dr.S. Radhakrishnan, Heritage of India: A.L.Basham

English: Unit 02

• Character of a happy life: Sir Henry Wotton, The true beauty: Thomas Carew, On his blindness: John Milton, A lament: P.B. Shelley, From the passing of Arthur: Alfred Tennyson, My heaven: R N Tagore, The song of the free: Swami Vivekananda

English: Unit 03

• The gold watch: Ponjikkara Raphy, An astrologer's day: R. K. Narayan, The lost child: Mulk Raj Anand

English: Unit 04

• Definition of any one of the following with two examples: Simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, oxymoron, onomatopoeia, hyperbole

English: Unit 05

• Direct-indirect narration, synthesis, transformation, syntax

English: Unit 06

• Synonyms, antonyms, homophones, one word substitution, idioms and phrases,

English: Unit 07

English: Unit 08

English: Unit 09