CBSE Class 12 Preparation Tips for Computer Science 2025-26: Study Plan for Class 12 Computer Science

Revision of Python topics covered in Class XI. Functions: types of function (built-in functions, functions defined in a module, user-defined functions), creating a user-defined function, arguments and parameters, default parameters, positional parameters, function returning value(s), flow of execution, scope of a variable (global scope, local scope). Exception Handling: Introduction, handling exceptions using try-except-finally blocks. Introduction to files, types of files (Text file, Binary file, CSV file), relative and absolute paths.

Text file: opening a text file, text file open modes (r, r+, w, w+, a, a+), closing a text file, opening a file using with clause, writing/appending data to a file using write() and writelines(), reading from a text file using read(), readline() and readlines(), seek() and tell methods, manipulation of data in a text file. Binary file: basic operations on a binary file: open using file open modes (rb, rb+, wb, wb+, ab, ab+), close a binary file, import pickle module, dump() and load() method, read, write, search and append and delete operations in a binary file.

CSV file: import csv module, open/close csv file, write into a csv file using writer(), writerow(), writerows(), and read from a csv file using reader(), readerow(). Data Structure: Stack, operations on stack (push & pop), implementation of stack using list.

Evolution of networking: introduction to computer networks, evolution of networking (ARPANET, NSFNET, INTERNET). Data communication terminologies: concept of communication, components of data communication (sender, receiver, message, communication media, protocols), measuring capacity of communication media (bandwidth, data transfer rate), IP address, switching techniques (Circuit switching, Packet switching).

Transmission media: Wired communication media (Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Fiber-optic cable), Wireless media (Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared waves). Network devices (Modem, Ethernet card, RJ45, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway, WIFI card). Network topologies and Network types: types of networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), networking topologies (Bus, Star, Tree).

Network protocol: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3, HTTPS, TELNET, VoIP. Introduction to web services: WWW, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), domain names, URL, website, web browser, web servers, web hosting.

Database concepts: introduction to database concepts and their need. Relational data model: relation, attribute, tuple, domain, degree, cardinality, keys (candidate key, primary key, alternate key, foreign key).

Structured Query Language: introduction, Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language, data type (char(n), varchar(n), int, float, date), constraints (not null, unique, primary key), create database, use database, show databases, drop database, show tables, create table, describe table, alter table (add and remove an attribute), add and remove primary key, use table, show table, select command, operators (mathematical, relational and logical), aliasing, distinct clause, where clause, in, between, order by, group by, null vs. is null, is not null, like, update command, delete command, aggregate functions (max, min, avg, sum, count), group by, having clause, joins: cartesian product on two tables, equi-join and natural join.

Interface of python with an SQL database: connecting SQL with Python, performing insert, update, delete queries using cursor, display data by using connect(), cursor(), execute(), commit(), fetchone(), fetchall(), rowcount, creating database connectivity applications, use of %s format specifier or format() to perform queries.

• Minimum 15 Python programs
• SQL Queries – Minimum 5 sets using one table / two tables
• Minimum 4 programs based on Python – SQL connectivity

Comprehensive coverage of Python programming, database management, and networking concepts; includes ample examples and exercises.

Detailed explanations of concepts with numerous solved and unsolved questions; widely recommended by educators and students.

All-in-one guide covering theory, practice questions, and sample papers; aligned with the latest CBSE syllabus.

Provides chapter-wise summaries, practice questions, and previous years' papers; helpful for revision and practice.

Contains chapter-wise and topic-wise questions, including previous years' board questions; includes mind maps and revision notes.

Covers theoretical concepts and practical applications; includes multiple-choice questions and programming exercises.

Focuses on fundamental concepts with clear explanations; includes practice questions for self-assessment.