UP Board Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2026 – Download PDF, Marks & Exam Pattern

UP Board Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26 - Unit-Wise Marks Distribution

Detailed UP Board 12th Class 2025-26 Biology Syllabus - Unit & Chapter-Wise

Students can check out the UP Board syllabus 2025-26 for the Class 12 Biology subject in the sections below. We have provided the detailed UP Board 12th Biology syllabus for students, including all important topics, units, and chapters. The unit-wise syllabus will help students prepare well for the 12th-class board exam. Check out the sections below to learn more about the detailed syllabus.

Unit: 1 - Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants - structure of the flower, development of the male and female gametophyte. Pollination - types, reagents and examples, Outbreeding devices, Pollen pistil crosslinking, double fertilisation. Post-fertilisation events - development of endosperm and embryo, Seed development and fruit formation. Special Methods - Apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony, importance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.

• Human reproduction - Male and female reproductive systems, microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary, gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, embryonic development (up to blastocyst formation), implantation, pregnancy and placenta formation (general knowledge), parturition and lactation (general introduction).

• Reproductive health - reproductive health needs and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Family planning - needs and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP), amniocentesis, infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (basic knowledge of general awareness).

Unit: 2 - Genetics and Evolution

• Inheritance and Variation - Mendelian inheritance, deviations from mendelian ratios - incomplete dominance, codominance, qualitative alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotrophy, elementary knowledge of polygenic inheritance, chromosome theory of inheritance, chromosomes and genes, sex determination in humans, birds, bees, linkage, and gene exchange, sex-linked inheritance-haemophilia, colour blindness, zonal disorders in humans, thalassemia, chromosomal disorders in humans, down syndrome, turner and kleinfelter syndromes.

• Molecular basis of Inheritance - Discovery of genetic material and DNA as a genetic material, structure of DNA and RNA, DNA packaging, DNA replication, central dogma, transcription, genetic code, transformation, gene expression and regulation, lac operon, genome and human genome project, DNA fingerprinting.

• Evolution - origin of life, organic evolution and evidence of evolution - palaeozoics, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence, Darwin’s contribution, modern synthetic theory, mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection, types of natural selection, gene flow and genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg principle, adaptive radiation, human evolution.

Unit: 3 - Biology and Human Welfare

• Human Health and Disease - Pathogens, parasites causing diseases in humans (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, cold, pneumonia, amoebiasis, ringworm) and their prevention. Immunity, Basic concepts of science - Vaccines, cancer, HIV, and AIDS, puberty-drug and alcohol abuse,

• Microorganisms in human welfare - in domestic food products, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy production, as biocontrol agents and biofertilisers.

Unit: 4 - Biotechnology and its Applications

• Biotechnology - principles and processes - genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)

• Biotechnology and its applications - application of biotechnology in health and agriculture, human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy, genetically modified crops, transgenic organisms, biosafety problems, biopiracy and patents.

Unit: 5 - Ecology and Environment

• Organisms and Composites - composite, composite interactions - cooperation, competition, predation, parasitism, composite multiplication, birth and mortality, age distribution.

• Ecosystem - structure, components, productivity and decomposition, energy flow, ecological pyramids-population of organisms, pyramids of mass and energy.

• Biodiversity and conservation - concept of biodiversity, patterns of biodiversity, importance of biodiversity, loss and conservation of biodiversity - hot spots, threatened species, extinction, red data book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries.

UP Board Class 12 Biology Practical Syllabus 2025-26

Check out the syllabus of the Uttar Pradesh board 12th Class Biology practical subject. The list of experiments, study/observation spotting, and practical syllabus topics is given below.

(A) List of Experiments

• To study plant population density by the quadrat method.

• To study plant population frequency by the quadrat method.

• Study of pollen germination.

• To study the mitosis of onion root tips.

• Isolation of DNA from available plant materials like spinach, green peas, papaya, etc.

(B) Study/Observation of the following (Spotting)

• To study pollen germination on the stigma.

• Practice controlled pollination, sterilisation, tagging, and bagging.

• To study the adaptations found in flowers for pollination by different agents (wind, insects, birds).

• Study of different stages of gamete development in a cross-section of the testis and ovary of any mammal.

• To study meiosis in onion bud cells or grasshopper testis.

• Studying the cross-section of a mammalian blastula.

• Studying zonal inheritance with the help of seeds of different colours and sizes of a plant.

• To study the genetic characteristics (like round tongue, blood group, window peak, colour blindness, etc.) with the help of prepared pedigree charts.

• Identification of common disease-causing organisms, such as Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, and ringworm. Note down the symptoms of diseases caused by them.

• Association in the root module of 10 Lignum florus plants demonstrated by model specimens.

• Demonstration of examples of homologous and similar organs using a flash card model.

Note: Students will be evaluated jointly by internal and external examiners. It will be mandatory for the candidates to submit the practice book and project work at the time of the council practical examination.