NIOS 12th Exam 2025 - Admit Card, Date Sheet, Pattern, Syllabus, Result

Physics: Unit 01

• Units, dimensions, dimensional formula, application of dimensional equations, vectors and their representation (graphically), resolution of vectors in to rectangular components (two dimensions), addition and subtraction of vectors

Physics: Unit 02

• Distance and displacement, speed and velocity with special reference to average and relative velocity, instantaneous velocity, uniform motion with examples, non-uniform motion (constant acceleration) with examples
• Graphical representation of motion in two dimensions (including that of constant acceleration), equations of motion with numerical problems

Physics: Unit 03

• First law of motion with examples, second law of motion with concept of momentum and force, third law of motion with examples, free body diagram, conservation of linear momentum, friction and lubrication

Physics: Unit 04

• Projectile motion (equation, time of fight, rang, and maximum height), uniform circular motion (radial and tangential acceleration), centripetal acceleration, application of circular motion
• Uniformly rotating frame of reference and non-inertial force (centrifugal force), relation between velocity and angular velocity

Physics: Unit 05

• Newton’s universal law of gravitation, inertial mass and gravitational mass, acceleration due to gravity and its variation, Kepler’s laws, motion of planets, orbital, and escape velocity, satellites-geostationary, weightlessness

Physics: Unit 06

• Work done by a constant force, work done by a carrying force (graphical method) with example of spring, work-energy relation, conservative and non-conservative force, mechanical energy (kinetic and potential) with examples
• Conservation of energy, (spring, pendulum, etc), elastic and inelastic collision, power and its units

Physics: Unit 07

• Rigid body motion, center of mass, couple, and torque, moment of inertia, radius of gyration and its significance, theorems of motion for a uniformly rotating rigid body (no derivation), angular momentum and its conservation with simple application
• Rotational and translational motions with example (motion of ball, cylinder, flywheel on an inclined plane

Physics: Unit 08

• Elastic properties and Hook’s law, Young’s modules, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity and compressibility, applications of elasticity-cantilever, girder, etc, hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy, Pascal’s law and its application

Physics: Unit 09

• Forces of cohesion and adhesion, surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact and capillary action, application of surface tension, liquid drops, bubbles, and detergents, types of liquid flow-laminar and turbulent, Reynolds number
• Viscosity and Stoke’s law, Bernoulli’s theorem (no derivation) and its applications

Physics: Unit 10

• Kinetic theory of gases (with derivation of ideal gas equation state), KE and temperature relationship, specific heat of gases, equilibrium of heat, specific heats Cp and Cv and their relationship

Physics: Unit 11

• Thermodynamic variables, concept of hear, and thermodynamic equilibrium, temperature and its measurement, principle of calorimetery, thermodynamic processes-isothermal, adiabatic, reversible, irreversible, and cyclic process
• First law of thermodynamics-internal energy, second change, phase diagram, latent heat, triple point, and concept of entropy and its significance, Carnot’s cycle and its efficiency

Physics: Unit 12

• Conduction of heat, convection of heat, radiation of heat, black body radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan’s law, green house effect, Newton’s law of cooling

Physics: Unit 13

• Properties of electric charge-quantizations and conservation, Coulomb’s law (vector form), electric field and field or point charge (through diagram), force in and charged particle in electric field, electric field of a dipole and dipole moment
• Behavior of electric dipole in uniform electric field, electric potential due to appoint charge, due to a dipole and potential energy, relation between electric field and potential
• Statement and use of Gauss theorem determining electric field of a point charge, ling wire, plane sheet, solid sphere, spherical shell, conductors, and field inside conductor, electrostatic shielding, capacitors and their combinations
• Dielectric and their polarization, electric field in dielectric, capacitor with dielectric

Physics: Unit 14

• Electric current in a conductor, Ohm’s law, resistivity of material and colour coding of resistors, combination of resistances (series and parallel), Kirchhoff's laws and their application to electrical circuits, Wheatstone bridge principle
• Potentiometer and its application

Physics: Unit 15

• Heating effect of electric current, joules law of heating, electrolysis-Faraday’s laws of electrolysis and their application, thermoelectricity (sea beck, peltier, and Thomson effect (only qualitative)

Physics: Unit 16

• Magnetic effect of electric current, Bio-Savart law-magnetic field at the center of a coil carrying current (qualitative treatment), ampere's circuital law and its application in finding magnetic field of a wire loop (at a center), toroid and solenoid
• Force on a current carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field and definition of ampere, force on a charged particle in a magnetic field and Lorentz force, magnetic dipole moment of a current loop, torque on a current loop in magnetic field
• Moving coil galvanometer and its conversion into ammeter and voltmeter

Physics: Unit 17

• Magnet and magnetic field, components of Earth’s magnetic field, molecular theory of magnetism (qualitatively), dia, para, and ferro magnetic materials

Physics: Unit 18

• Faraday’s law of electro-magnetic induction, Lenz’s law, self and mutual induction, growth and decay of current in LR and CR circuits (qualitative), alternating current and voltage, illustrating with phase diagram-peak and RMS values
• Circuits containing only RL or C separately, their phase relationship between I and V, power in AC circuit-power factor and watts current (pure inductor and pure capacitor), LCR series combination (using phaser diagram only) and resonance

Physics: Unit 19

• Generators-AC and DC, transformers, transmission of power (domestic and industrial distribution), various energy sources, electrical power generation-hydro-electricity, chemical energy, molecular energy, wind energy, and solar energy
• Status of electric power in India, problem of low voltage and load shedding

Physics: Unit 20

• Periodic motion-amplitude, period frequency and phase, simple harmonic motion as a projection of uniform circular motion with examples of spring and simple pendulum, forced oscillations-resonance with examples
• Damped oscillations with example (without mathematics)

Physics: Unit 21

• Moving pulse, harmonic waves, wavelength, frequency, speed and their relationship, amplitude of wave, wave motion in taut string, formula for its speed, wave motion in gaseous medium and formula for its speed, phase difference between two harmonic waves
• Superposition of waves-interference of waves, reflection of waves from rigid boundary, standing waves and beast (only qualitative treatment, with equation), characteristics of sound waves, threshold of hearing, intensity of sound and its unit
• Shock waves, noise pollution, resonance column (overtones and harmonics) only through diagram, Doppler’s effect and its application

Physics: Unit 22

• Reflection of light from spherical mirrors, sign convention, mirror formulae and problems based on it, reflection of light, Snell’s law of refraction, total Internal reflection and its application, refraction through single curved surface and lenses
• Lens maker’s formula and magnification, power of lens, combination of lenses

Physics: Unit 23

• Dispersion of light through prism, spectrometer and its uses, spherical and chromatic aberration, scattering of light in atmosphere, rainbow

Physics: Unit 24

• Maxwell’s theory of E.M.-waves, properties of E.M.-waves, E.M-waves spectra, E.M.-waves propagation and their application

Physics: Unit 25

• Nature of light, light as wave, Huygens's wave theory and wave propagation-reflection and refraction, interference-Young’s double slit experiment, diffraction of light (qualitative)
• Polarization, polarization by reflection and its application in daily life

Physics: Unit 26

• Compound microscope and its magnifying power, telescope-astronomical (Newton’s reflector) and terrestrial, resolving power in terms of Rayleigh’s criteria, resolving power of eye, telescope and microscope

Physics: Unit 27

• Alpha-particle scattering and Rutherford’s atomic model, Bohr’s atomic model, energy levels in electron volts, hydrogen spectrum

Physics: Unit 28

• Emission of electrons, photoelectric effect and its explanation, photocell and its applications, wave nature of matter, De-Broglie waves-Davission and Germer experiment

Physics: Unit 29

• Atomic mass unit, mass number, size of nucleus, isotopes and neutrons, mass-energy equivalence (MeV), mass defect and binding-energy curve, radio activity-α, β decay, and γ emission, half life and decay constant of nuclei
• Application of radioactivity in carbon dating, medical and agriculture

Physics: Unit 30

• Fission reaction, fusion reaction, energy in stars, nuclear reactor, peaceful and destructive application of nuclear energy, nuclear pollution

Physics: Unit 31

• Energy bands in solids, conductors, insulators, and semiconductors (on the basis of electrical conductivity), charge carries in semiconductors-holes and electrons, electrical conductivity of semiconductors, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
• P-type and n-type semiconductors

Physics: Unit 32

• P-N-junction diode, characteristic of P-N-junction diode, types of diode, transistor-PNP and NPN, characteristic curves of transistor

Physics: Unit 33

• P-N-junction diode as a rectifier, transistor as an amplifier (common emitter), transistor as a switching device, logic gates and their realization (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR)

Physics: Unit 34

• The sun-introduction, interesting phenomenon on solar atmosphere-corona, magnetic field in the solar system, sunspot cycle, granulation on solar surface, solar flares, prominence, planets and their characteristics
• Comets, meteors, meteoroids and asteroids, evaluation of solar system

Physics: Unit 35

• Windows in electro-magnetic spectrum, principle and use of refraction and reflecting telescope, Newtonian and cassegrainian telescopes-their principles and uses, X-ray telescope and radio-telescope, spherical aberration, Rayleigh’s criterion

Physics: Unit 36

• Measuring distances and masses of stars, brightness of stars, surface temperature of stars, stellar spectra, stellar classification, HR diagram, evaluation of stars-different theories

Physics: Unit 37

• Our galaxy, interstellar gas clouds, structure of the galaxy, central bulge, disc of the galaxy, halo and corona, external galaxies, the expanding universe
• Origin of the universe, evolving universe, steady state universe, cosmic back-ground radiation, open or closed universe

Physics: Unit 38

• Multimeter principle and its uses, C.R.O. and its uses for measurement of voltage, frequency and wave form, transducers and their application, display device-L.E.D., L.E.D., and their uses

Physics: Unit 39

• Solar cells and their uses, frequency generator, power supply inverters, emergency light, Zener diode as a voltage regulator

Physics: Unit 40

• Microprocessor-architecture and functional blocks, instructions-data transfer, control and branch, and input-output, uses of microprocessor in household devices

Physics: Unit 41

• Electronic circuit breaker, timers, MCB power control, calculator and electronic watches-principle and operations

Physics: Unit 42

• Camera-an introduction, part of a camera, camera eye (lens), shutters, special lens, types of camera-their basic principle, constructions and working, principle of video camera, choosing a camera, picture size
• Choice of lens-angle of view and resolving power, aperture, and focusing

Physics: Unit 43

• Films (torture), types of films, film exposure, aperture, and speed relationship, use of exposure meter, developing the exposed film, developers, ingredients and their functions, preparation of developers, types of developers B and W whored
• Preservation of developers, methods, field of developments, tray method tank method, precautions during film development, film fixing, fixing, washing, and drying of film

Physics: Unit 44

• Basic principle of recording (inter-conversion), methods of conversion of video signal into electrical signals, methods of conversion of audio signal into electrical signals, storage of audio-video signals on tapes
• Quality of recording, sound recording on cine films, tape characteristics, structure, and composition, tape format, tape speeds, important tape parameters, preservation of tapes, storage techniques, precaution
• Over recording, need for over recording various methods of over-recording, protection of over-recording

Physics: Unit 45

• Compact disc-limitation of traditional audio recording system, lamination video recording system, need for compact disc, advantages of compact disc, CD for audio recording, basic principle of audio recording, Construction of CD for audio
• Methods of CD-audio, recording, care and cautions, CD for video-recording, construction of CD for video, basic principle for video recording, methods of CD-video recording, general operating and installation precautions, CD-players, operating principle
• Quality of reproduction

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Mole concept: A simple idea of basic SI units, counting and weighing of atoms, and molecules, Avogadro constant, molar quantities
• Chemical formula and percentage composition: Empirical and molecular formulae, mole, mas, volume relationships in chemical reactions, limiting reagent concept and percentage yield

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Chemical arithmaties: Fundamental particles of an atom (electron, proton, neutron), Rutherford’s nuclear model, electromagnetic spectrum, line spectra of h-atom: Bohr model (no derivation), wave-particle duality: Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
• Chemical arithmaties: The wave mechanical model-orbitals (probability picture may be emphasised), quantum numbers, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Aufbau principle-electronic configuration of atoms, types of orbitals (s, p, d, f): Shapes of s, p, d orbitals
• Chemical arithmaties: Hund’s rule
• Periodic table and atomic properties: Long form of periodic table and IUPAC nomenclature for elements with z > 110 (brief mention), variation in atomic properties (size, ionization energy, electron affinity, valency and electro negativity)
• Chemical bonding: Why do atoms combine? (potential-energy diagram), types of bonds and their characteristics (logic, covalent, coordinate, metallic), shapes of molecules, introduction to VSEPR theory (up to 6 electron pairs only)
• Chemical bonding: Hybridization of atomic orbitals, multiple covalent bonds, (σ, π) example C₂H₄, C₂H₂, M.O. theory, homonuclear molecule (H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂), bond parameters, hydrogen bonding

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Gaseous state: Properties, Boyle’s law, Charles law-Kelvin temperature scale, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressures, ideal gas equation, the kinetic molecular theory of gases (no derivation), Graham’s law of diffusion
• Gaseous state: Real gases-deviations from ideal gas behaviour, Van Der Waal equation liquefaction of gases, critical constants
• Liquid state: Properties of liquids, vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity
• Solid state: Properties of solids, classification of solids, unit cell, and their types, packing in crystals, structure of simple ionic compounds, imperfections in solids (Frenkel, Schottky defects)
• Solutions: Solution, solute and solvent, concentration of solutions-molarity, molality, mole fraction, percentage and strength, types of solutions, Raoult’s law, ideal and non-ideal solutions, colligative properties of solutions, Van’t Hoff factor
• Colloids: The colloidal solution, true solution, colloidal solution and suspension, classification of colloids, preparation and properties of colloidal solutions, applications of colloids

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Chemical thermodynamics: System-isolated, closed and open systems, processes: Cyclic, isothermal, adiabatic, reversible and irreversible, standard state of a substance, exothermic and endothermic reactions, thermochemical equations
• Chemical thermodynamics: Concept of internal energy and enthalpy change, relationship between, H and, U, 1st law of thermodynamics, standard enthalpy of reactions, enthalpy changes during a reaction: Enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of combustion
• Chemical thermodynamics: Enthalpy changes during a reaction-enthalpy of neutralization, Hess’s law and its applications, bond enthalpy
• Spontaneity of chemical reactions: Concept of entropy, entropy change, and spontaneity, 2nd law of thermodynamics, concept of free energy, relationship between G,H, and S, free energy change and spontaneity of a chemical reaction
• Spontaneity of chemical reactions: Standard free energy of formation, free energy change and chemical equilibrium, 3rd law of thermodynamics and its significance (illustrative)

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Chemical equilibrium: Dynamic nature of equilibrium; factors affecting equilibrium, reversible and irreversible reactions, types of equilibrium system: Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, laws of chemical equilibrium, relationship between Kc and Kp
• Chemical equilibrium: Le Chatelier’s principle and its applications
• Ionic equilibrium: Acid-base equilibrium, lionization constant of lead acids and bases, ionization of water, pH value, common ion effect, buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility equilibrium, solubility product and its applications
• Ionic equilibrium: salt hydrolysis, acid base titration
• Electrochemistry: Oxidation and reduction (electron transfer concept), oxidation number, balancing of redox reaction by oxidation number method, types of cells: Electrolytic and electrochemical
• Electrochemistry: Electrolytic conduction (conductance, conductivity molar conductivity, effect of dilution, Kohlrausch’s law), standard electrode potential, electrochemical series and its applicationsm
• Electrochemistry: Effect of concentration of electrode potentials (Nernst equation), relationship between EMF and free energy change
• Chemical kinetics: Rate of reaction-average and instantaneous, expressions for reaction rates, factors affecting rate of reaction, rate law, order of a reaction, first order reaction, half change period, effect of temperature on reaction rate
• Adsorption and catalysis: Adsorption-physical and chemical, adsorption isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir), catalysis-homogenous and heterogeneous, activation energy

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Occurrence and extraction of metals: Occurrence of metals, important ores of some common elements: Na, Al, Sn, Pb, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ag, and Zn
• Occurrence and extraction of metals: General principles involved in the isolation of metals from their ores (concentration of the ore, reduction, and refining)
• Hydrogen and s-block elements: Unique position of H in periodic, properties reactions and uses, isotopes of hydrogen, water structure and aggregation of water molecules, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide, alkali metals and alkaline earth metals occurrence
• Hydrogen and s-block elements: Electronic configuration trends in atomic and physical properties, reactivity electrode potential, reaction with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and water, solubility and thermal stability of their oxo salts
• General characteristics of the p-block elements: Occurrence in nature and electronic configuration, (physical and chemical properties), inert pair effect, anomalous properties of first element
• p-block elements and their compounds-I: Boron family-borax, boric acid, boron hydrides, halides. Carbon family-allotropes (graphite, diamond, elementary idea of fullerens), oxides, carbides, halides, nitrogen family-ammonia, nitric acid
• p-block elements and their compounds-I: Fertilizer (N, P) and fixation of nitrogen industrial and biological, nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilisers
• p-block elements and their compounds-II: Oxygen family-oxides, acidic, basic and amphoteric, ozone (oxidizing properties), halogens-hydrides, oxides and oxoacids of chlorine. Bleaching powder-preparation and properties, interhalogen compounds
• p-block elements and their compounds-II: Noble gases-compounds of xenon: Xenon fluorides, oxides (preparation, structure)
• d-block and f-block elements: Electronic configuration, general trends in the chemistry of first row transition elements, properties-metallic character, oxidation state, ionic radii, catalytic properties, coloured ions, complex formation
• d-block and f-block elements: Magnetic properties, interstitial compounds alloy formation. Preparation, properties, and applications some important compounds: KMnO₄, K₂Cr₂O₇, f-block elements-configuration, properties and lanthanide contraction
• Coordination compounds: Werner’s theory, nomenclature, bonding-VB approach, applications (qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems)

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Nomenclature and general principles: Rules of IUPAC nomenclature, types of bond fission, types of reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination, oxidation/ reduction (electrophilic and nucle ophillic)
• Nomenclature and general principles: Electron displacement in a covalent bond-inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation, steric effect, isomerism-structural isomerism, stereoisomerism
• Hydrocarbons: Definition and types of hydrocarbons (alkane, alkene, alkyne, arene), IUPAC nimenclature, preparation and properties of hydrocarbons, physical properties of hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons: Chemical properties of hydrocarbons (addition, substitution, elimination, oxidation)
• Compounds of carbon containing halogens (haloalkanes and haloarenes): IUPAC nomenclature of halogen compounds, preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes, physical and chemical properties and uses
• Alcohol, phenols, and ethers: Classification, IUPAC nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties
• Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids: Carboxylic acids and acid derivatives, IUPAC nomenclature, preparation and properties, inter conversion of acid derivations
• Compounds of carbon containing nitrogen: Nitro compounds, amines, classification of amines, IUPAC nomenclature, preparation and properties
• Biomolecules, difference between DNA and RNA, biomolecules in biological systems. Structures of proteins and carbohydrates

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Environment at concerns: Idea of environment, threats to environment, pollutants
• Air pollution: Composition of air, respiration, photosynthesis and decay cycle, air pollutants, green house effect, global warming, depletion of ozone layer, acid rain
• Water pollution: Water resources, water pollutants, biological oxygen demand, prevention of water pollution, legislative measures for prevention of water pollution
• Heavy metal contamination: Heavy metals, effects of heavy metal contamination, preventive measures
• Radioactive pollution: Radioactive sources, III effects of radiation, preventive measures, regulation regarding safety

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Petrochemicals: Generations of petrochemicals, soaps and detergents, rocket propellants, pollutants and Indian space programs
• Polymers: Classification, teflox, polyester and nylons, biodegradable polymers, biopolymers
• Dyes, paints, and pigments: Composition, classification, process of dying, applications
• Drugs and medicines: Distinction between drugs and medicines, classification, analgesics and antipyretics, antibiotics and anaestheties
• Building materials: Cement and its manufacture, mortar, concrete and RCC, manufacture of glass, ceramics, and day products

Biology: Unit 01

• Principles of classification and taxonomic categories
• Linnaeus and binomial nomenclature, general rule for naming, writing, and printing of scientific names of organisms
• Taxonomic categories (taxa) from, species upto phylum

Biology: Unit 02

• Characteristics of viruses, taking examples of TMV, polio, HIV, bacteriophage T2

Biology: Unit 03

Biology: Unit 04

• Chemical nature, general structure, and characteristics of bacteria with common examples
• Mention of useful and harmful bacteria like lactobacillus, rhizobium, mycobacterium tuberculosis, clostridium tetani, cornybacterium diphtheria

Biology: Unit 05

• General characteristics and classification up to phyla with examples of amoeba, entamoeba, plasmodium, euglena, and diatoms

Biology: Unit 06

• General characteristics of fungi, useful and harmful fungi, examples-rhizopus (breadmould), yeast, penicillium notatum, puccinia graminis (wheat rust)

Biology: Unit 07

• Algae-chlamydomonas, spirogyra, bryophyta (liverworts and mosses), pteridophyta (ferns), spermatophyta (gymnosperms and angiosperms), general morphological features of flower and fruit and some common examples of the following families: Poaceae (graminae)
• General morphological features of flower and fruit and some common examples of the following families: Brassicaceae (cruciferae) and leguminosae (only papilionaceae)

Biology: Unit 08

• Main characteristics, classification up to phylum and common examples of porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminthes, nemathelminthes, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca and echinodermata
• Chordata upto classes, classification of mammalia up to subclasses with important examples for all

Biology: Unit 09

• Origin of life: Views, spontaneous generation, experiments of Pasteur, biogenesis hypothesis, Oparin’s hypothesis of origin of life, Miller’s experiment
• Organic evolution, progressive and retrogressive evolution, evidences of evolution
• Theories of evolution-Lamarckism, Darwinism, mutation theory, neo Darwinism

Biology: Unit 10

• Discovery of cell, cell theory, cell-its shape, size, physical and chemical composition, generalized cell structure as seen under compound and electron microscopes, differences between animal, and plant cell
• Cell organelles-structure and functions of cell wall, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, micro bodies, mitochondria, chloroplast, centrosome, cilia and flagella
• Cell organelles-nucleus (excluding chemical nature of chromosomes) and cell inclusions

Biology: Unit 11

• Mitosis and its significance
• Meiosis and its significance

Biology: Unit 12

• Plant tissues-meristems-apical, intercalary and lateral: Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem
• Animal tissues-epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

Biology: Unit 13

• A general idea about the ascending order of levels of organization-cell, tissues, organ, organ system and organism

Biology: Unit 14

• Primary growth, primary structure of dicot and monocot roots, mode of origin of lateral roots
• Secondary growth in dicot roots
• Special features of root for common functions of anchorage, growth in soil, absorption, conduction of water and mineral salts, as well as special functions of storage and respiration
• Distribution of mechanical tissues to withstand pulling strain

Biology: Unit 15

• Primary growth, primary structure of dicot and monocot stem, mode of origin of lateral branches
• Secondary growth in dicot stem
• Growth rings (annual rings), sap wood and heart wood
• Structural features for support, exposing leaves and flowers to favorable positions, conduction as well as special functions of storage and photosynthesis
• Distribution of mechanical tissues to withstand bending strain

Biology: Unit 16

• Active and passive absorption, diffusion, osmosis, major theories on transport of water and organic substances

Biology: Unit 17

• Macronutrients and micronutrients
• Deficiency symptoms

Biology: Unit 18

• Internal structure of dicot and monocot leaf
• Distribution of mechanical tissues, stomata, hairs and hydathodes, vascular tissues, air spaces etc

Biology: Unit 19

• Processes, magnitude and significance of transpiration and guttation, and factors affecting them

Biology: Unit 20

• The process and its significance
• Factors affecting photosynthesis

Biology: Unit 21

• Aerobic, anaerobic, respiratory quotient, factors affecting respiration (excluding biochemical pathways), fermentation

Biology: Unit 22

• Parts of a typical flower, flowers in dicots and monocots, arrangement and condition of various parts of flower
• Placentation, major types of inflorescence

Biology: Unit 23

• Definition, major categories, edible parts of common fruits

Biology: Unit 24

• Definitions of growth and development, growth curve, stages of plant growth, photoperiodism, vernalisation hormonal regulation of growth, measurement of growth
• Different types of plant movement and responses; growth, turgor, hydration, tropic and nastic movements

Biology: Unit 25

• Digestive organs, digestion, absorption, assimilation

Biology: Unit 26

• Respiratory organs, breathing, gaseous transport, and tissue respiration

Biology: Unit 27

• Circulatory organs, blood circulation, histology and functions of blood, blood coagulation, blood transfusion, blood groups, blood pressure, lymph and lymph glands, spleen
• Immune system (basic idea of immunocytes and immunity)

Biology: Unit 28

• Excretory organs, finer structure of mammalian kidney, ultra filtration and urine formation, an elementary idea of dialysis

Biology: Unit 29

• Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomous nervous system, sense organs, reflex action

Biology: Unit 30

• Skin: Basic structure and functions of skin
• Skeletal system: All major bones in human skeleton and their role in protection and/ or, movements, types of joints

Biology: Unit 31

• Endocrine glands, nature and role of hormones, an elementary knowledge of pheromones

Biology: Unit 32

• Male and female reproductive organs, histology of gonads, fertilization, artificial insemination, ovarian cycle, fertility control, in vitro fertilization and its prospects, twins-monozygotic and dizygotic

Biology: Unit 33

• Reproduction patterns in escherichia coli, chlamydomonas, spirogyra, rhizopus, funaria, dryopteris, pinus

Biology: Unit 34

• Juvenility, flowering, flower as a reproductive organ, flower formation and sex expression, pollen and ovule, pollination, fertilization, seed development, fruit development, pathenocarpy

Biology: Unit 35

• Bulb, tuber, rhizome, bulbil, runner, sucker, etc
• Special method culture (micro propagation)

Biology: Unit 36

• Asexual reproduction by fission, fragmentation and budding
• Sexual (gametic) reproduction

Biology: Unit 37

• Gametogenesis, sperm and egg, general principles of fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation organogenesis, morphogenesis and differentiation

Biology: Unit 38

• Structure of hen's egg, role of albumen, yolk and the extra embryonic membranes (amnion and allantois)
• Implantation and placenta in humans

Biology: Unit 39

• Growth and regeneration, cancer, ageing (senescence)

Biology: Unit 40

• Mendel's law of inheritance
• Linkage and crossing-over, criss-cross inheritance

Biology: Unit 41

• One gene one enzyme hypothesis, incomplete dominance, lethal genes, pleiotropic genes, polygenic inheritance with example of skin colour in man

Biology: Unit 42

• Basic structure of DNA and RNA, nucleotides and nucleosides, functions of nucleic acids, replication of DNA, transcription and translation

Biology: Unit 43

• Definition of mutation, mutagens-physical and chemical and their effects, useful and harmful effects of mutation

Biology: Unit 44

• Problems and modern approach to human genetics, human karyotypes, autosomal and sex chromosomal abnormalities
• Abnormalities due to multiple sets of genomes
• Colour blindness hemophilia disorders due to incompatibility of genes
• Rh-factor, ABO blood groups, amniocentesis

Biology: Unit 45

• Improvement of plants and animals by selective breeding, gene pool, genetic counselling, genetic engineering and its importance, somatic hybridization and cloning
• Suggested teaching/ learning hints: Distinction between DNA and varieties of RNA should be discussed. Social and ethical problems raised by artificial mutagens may be considered

Biology: Unit 46

• Definitions of population, birth rate, death rate, growth rate

Biology: Unit 47

• Trends in world population and Indian population

Biology: Unit 48

• Reasons for increased rate of population rise in India

Biology: Unit 49

Biology: Unit 50

• Importance, need for educating both male and female adolescents, higher age of marriage, need for use of contraception during the reproductive age

Biology: Unit 51

• Reversible: Spacing, natural, barrier, hormonal (pills and implants,) devices, devices plus hormonal
• Irreversible: Tubectomy, vasectomy, no-scalpel vasectomy. Possibility of making reversible contraception

Biology: Unit 52

• The biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem, dependence of plants and animals on their environment, inter-dependence of plants and animals; flow of energy through the biosphere, food chains and food webs
• Preservation of representative natural ecosystem
• Man's place in environment (a general idea)

Biology: Unit 53

• Biomes: General characteristics of the climate and the flora and fauna of the different biomes

Biology: Unit 54

• Non-Renewable Resources: Primary energy resources and their consumption fossil fuels, minerals
• Renewable Resources-water, wood, natural, pastures
• Conservation of Soil and Water: Causes and methods of prevention of soil erosion, fertilizers, and manures. Water management and irrigation
• Conservation of wild life: Forest and their conservation, endangered species, national parks in India. Agencies dealing with conservation and wild life sanctuaries. Non conventional sources of energy hydropower, wind energy, nuclear power, solar energy
• Conservation of wild life: Biogas, geothermal energy

Biology: Unit 55

• Causes, prevention and remedy of different kinds of pollution-air, water, soil, thermal, and noise

Biology: Unit 56

• Kinds of radiation, harmful effects of non-ionizing (ultraviolet) and ionizing (X-rays, gamma rays and p-particles) radiations, their short term and long term effects, nuclear fall out, strontium-90 and its harmful effects

Biology: Unit 57

Biology: Unit 58

Biology: Unit 59

Biology: Unit 60

• Thermostats, pH meter, autoclave, calorimeter, distillation units, centrifuge, weighing balance, microtomes, blood pressure instrument, kymograph

Biology: Unit 61

• Types of stains and reagents, materials required, steps involved

Biology: Unit 62

Biology: Unit 63

• Collection and methods of culturing organisms for class work, laboratory care of animals

Biology: Unit 64

• Different kinds of crops; cereals, oil seeds, sugarcane, fibres (cotton, flax, jute, leaf fibres coconut fibres,) cotton and jute, vegetables pulses and fruits-green revolution, farm management including irrigation, storage
• Marketing of the product kitchen gardening
• Beverages: Sources, processing and nutritional value of coffee, tea, coco, soya milk

Biology: Unit 65

• Brief information about each of these methods

Biology: Unit 66

• Concept of general value of-amla, mahua cinchona, atropa belladona, pinus, pterocarpus, opium, datura, ocimum, eucalyptus, rauvolfia, neem

Biology: Unit 67

• Importance of forest, different products-paper, plywood, rubber gums, resin

Biology: Unit 68

• General principles of raising and caring of animals useful for human, proper management for their products like milk, butter, ghee, meat, hides, wool, leather
• Poultry farming

Biology: Unit 69

• An elementary idea of fresh water and marine fisheries
• Different kinds of common edible fish-their rearing and breeding
• Pearl fisheries

Biology: Unit 70

• General acquaintance with bee keeping and honey extraction, uses of honey, and wax
• An elementary idea of lac insect and lac production

Biology: Unit 71

• A general idea about sericulture, different kinds of silk moths, their rearing, and silk reeling
• Types of silks
• Idea of rearing of economically useful worms like earthworm

Biology: Unit 72

• Definition and meaning of health, need for good health/ concept of ill health, concept and importance of hygiene for maintenance of good health

Biology: Unit 73

• Nutrition, macro and micro nutrients, sources of nutrients need for balanced diet, calorific needs of persons in various occupations; nutrition during pregnancy and lactation

Biology: Unit 74

• Kwashiorkor, marasmus, disorders due to mineral deficiency namely iron, iodine and calcium; disorders due to vitamin deficiency; overeating-obesity; risk of intake of overdoses of iron and vitamin

Biology: Unit 75

• Harmful effects of addictive drugs and beverages; rehabilitation of a drug addict

Biology: Unit 76

• Types of hygiene - personal, domestic, community with emphasis on social nuisances like spitting, nose-picking, urination, defecation, throwing garbage and other common insanitary habits

Biology: Unit 77

• Disease, its definition, types, transmission of disease, parasite, pathogen, infection, infestation, vector, carrier, host

Biology: Unit 78

• Categories, communicable diseases with examples; causes and common symptoms prevention and control of some common communicable diseases-chicken pox, measles, polimyelitis, hepatitis, rabies, bacterial dysentery, diphtheria, cholera, tuberculosis, leprosy
• Malaria, typhoid, amoebiasis, filariasis, transmission of disease (example German measles) during pregnancy

Biology: Unit 79

• Heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer and allergy

Biology: Unit 80

• Syphilis, gonorrhoea, aids-awareness, symptoms and prevention

Biology: Unit 81

• Elements found in living organisms

Biology: Unit 82

• Water, amino acids, sugars, (pentoses and hexoses), fatty acids, aromatic bases

Biology: Unit 83

• Structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
• Conjugated proteins (example glycoprotein, phospholipids)

Biology: Unit 84

• Regulation of metabolism

Biology: Unit 85

Biology: Unit 86

• Use of fermenting yeast to produce alcohol used as beverages and in industry, yoghurt production, use of micro-organisms in production of antibiotics

Biology: Unit 87

• Manipulation of genetic make-up to produce cheaply and on a large scale proteins and hormones (insulin, blood serum, proteins etc) and other products of commercial, and medical importance

Biology: Unit 88

• Basic concept of transgenic organisms, transgenic animals (with one example ), importance of transgenic organisms

Biology: Unit 89

• Use of microbes in producing biogas

Biology: Unit 90

• Insertion of good genes into humans to counteract harmful mutation and treat disorder such as diabetes, sickle cell anemia, etc

Biology: Unit 91

• Types of defence mechanisms in the body-(i) skin, mucous membrane of eyes, nose, etc, (ii) immune system

Biology: Unit 92

• Cell types involved (T cells, B cells, macrophages)

Biology: Unit 93

• General account of humoral and cell mediated immune response

Biology: Unit 94

• Natural, acquired: Active and passive

Biology: Unit 95

• List of vaccines available against diseases

Biology: Unit 96

Biology: Unit 97

Business studies: Unit 01

Business studies: Unit 02

• Sole proprietorship, joint Hindu family, partnership, joint stock company, cooperative society characteristics
• Suitability of different forms of business organization

Business studies: Unit 03

Business studies: Unit 04

Business studies: Unit 05

Business studies: Unit 06

Business studies: Unit 07

Business studies: Unit 08

• Meaning of retail and wholesale trade, services of wholesaler and retailer
• Specialized retailing agencies: Departmental stores, multiple shops, mail order houses, super bazaars-their characteristics, merits and demerits

Business studies: Unit 09

• Procedure of export and import trade, main documents used in foreign trade

Business studies: Unit 10

• Transport, communication, postal services, banking and insurance

Business studies: Unit 11

• Definition, nature, and scope of management, concept of scientific management and principles of general management

Business studies: Unit 12

• Meaning and process

Business studies: Unit 13

• Process of organizing

Business studies: Unit 14

• Recruitment and selection of employees, their training and development, appraisal, and promotion

Business studies: Unit 15

• Meaning and importance of communication, motivation, leadership and supervision

Business studies: Unit 16

• Meaning and process

Business studies: Unit 17

Business studies: Unit 18

• Nature and characteristics

Business studies: Unit 19

• Nature and characteristics

Business studies: Unit 20

• Objectives and functions of IFCI, IDBI, ICICI, UTI and SFCS, related to financing of business

Business studies: Unit 21

Business studies: Unit 22

Business studies: Unit 23

Business studies: Unit 24

Business studies: Unit 25

Business studies: Unit 26

Business studies: Unit 27

Business studies: Unit 28

• Type of jobs in a modern office

Business studies: Unit 29

Business studies: Unit 30

Business studies: Unit 31

Business studies: Unit 32

Business studies: Unit 33

Business studies: Unit 34

Business studies: Unit 35

Business studies: Unit 36

Business studies: Unit 37

Business studies: Unit 38

Business studies: Unit 39

Business studies: Unit 40

Business studies: Unit 41

Business studies: Unit 42

Business studies: Unit 43

Business studies: Unit 44

Business studies: Unit 45

• Insurance agency
• Saving agency
• Tours and travel agency

Home science: Unit 01

• Scope of home science: Need, scope, employment opportunities
• Consumer education: Definition, problems faced, consumer protection act, consumer redressal
• Work ethics: Meaning and importance, competence and work ethics
• Income management: Definition, recording income and expenditure, supplementing income
• Savings and investment: Importance and methods of saving, agencies of investment, financing agencies
• Work organization: Meaning and need, principles of work simplification, time and energy management
• Space organization: Meaning and need, space of work simplification, space organization and aesthetics
• Energy and conservation: Meaning and need, areas where energy can be conserved, at home and work place, non conventional sources of energy
• Environment management: Environment degradation, effects on man, creating an eco-friendly environment

Home science: Unit 02

• Growth and development in middle childhood: Characteristics of physical, motor, socio-emotional, cognitive and language development, role of peers, socialization at school
• Adolescence: Characteristics of physical, motor, socio-emotional, cognitive and language development, self concept, developmental tasks, sex education at school, problems faced by adolescents
• Special issues in child development: Position and role of girl child, juvenile delinquency, child labour, major physical disabilities, socio-economic disadvantage children

Home science: Unit 03

• Introduction to fabric science: Definition and scope, fiber, definition and classification, properties of fibers
• Yarns: Definition, terminology, yarn processing, yarn types, textured yarns
• Fabric construction: Meaning, techniques of fabric construction, weaving, process, and designing, knitting, weaving vs. knitting
• Textiles finishes: Definition, importance, and classification of finish as routine and special, finishing with colour, printing, tie and dye batik
• Selection of textiles and clothing: Labels and marketing, malpractices, judging quality of textile products, selection of fabrics for different end uses, selection of clothing for different age group
• Care and maintences: Need, general principles, storage of clothes

Home science: Unit 04

• You and your food: Definition of food, functions of food, food group
• Nutrition: Definition, nutrients, functions, and source, nutrient requirements, RDI based on household measures and food groups
• Adequate meals: Balanced diet, need for mean planning, factors affecting meal planning, meals for various age group, modification of family meal, hygienic foods handing
• Nutritional status and health: Malnutrition, assessing nutritional status, height and weight, diet and nutrient intake, recognizing deficiency disorders: Anemia, PEM, vitamin a and iodine, on going governmental and non-governmental nutrition programs
• Nutritional care of sick in family: Need for special care, diet modification, diet in common diseases: Diarrhea, constipation, fever jaundice high blood pressure and diabetes, diet in nutrition related problems: PEM anemia
• Diet in nutrition related problems: Vitamin-A deficiency and obesity
• Purchase and storage of food: Selection of food, food spoilage, methods of storage
• Food preservation: General principles of preservation, preservation at home

Home science: Unit 05

• Nutritional status: Its assessment, methods of assessment, anthropometry, clinical, diet survey
• Nutrition education methods
• Major nutrition problems in India: Extent of major nutrition problems observed in India, energy definition, PEM, anemia, deficiency of vitamin A, B and iodine, fluoride toxicity and obesity, government programmes and policies

Home science: Unit 06

• Meaning, needs, objectives: Meaning of home based care, need-working parents/ nuclear families, objectives, safe physical environment/ stimulating activities/ learning opportunities/ preparation for school
• Requirements/ essentials: Organizing and preparing available space, equipment, play materials, safety/ first aid
• Organizing activities: Creative activities, preparing and using learning materials, materials from environment
• Nutritious meals: Creating nutritious snacks, developing proper eating habits
• Accounts: Setting up and starting the service, records/ costing/ account knowledge

Home science: Unit 07

• Fabrics and laundry: Properties related to care and maintenance of cotton, silk , wool, synthetics
• Clean ears and laundry auxiliaries: Characteristics, function and uses of soaps, detergent, blues, starchiest
• Stain removal: Identifying stains, methods of removal
• Washing and finishing: Washing of cotton, silk, wool, synthetics, special treatment given to heavy, light, delicate fabrics, dirty articles
• Cloth maintenance: Ironing, pressing, folding, for collection, washing, drying, ironing, and holding
• Setting up a unit: Setting up and starting the service

Mathematics: Unit 01

• Complex numbers: Definition in the form x+iy, real and imaginary parts of a complex number. Modulus and argument of a complex number, conjugate of a complex number
• Algebra of complex number: Equality of complex numbers, operations on complex numbers (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), properties of operations (closure, commutativity, associativity, identity, inverse, distributivity)
• Algebra of complex number: Elementary properties of modulus namely-(i) |z| = 0 <=> z = 0 and z = z <=> |z| = |z|, (ii) | z + z | ≤ | z | + | z |, (iii) | z/ z| + | z/ z| (z ≠ 0)
• Argand diagram: Representation of a complex number by a point in a plane
• Quadratic equations: Solution of quadratic equation with real coefficients using the quadratic formula, square root of a complex number, cube roots of unity
• Extended learning: Polar representation of a complex number, quadratic equations with complex coefficients

Mathematics: Unit 02

• Determinants and their properties: Minors and cofactors, expansion of a determinant, properties of determinants
• Matrices: Introduction as a rectangular array of numbers, matrices up to order 3×4
• Types of matrices: Square and rectangular matrices, unit matrix, zero matrix, diagonal, row and column matrices, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
• Algebra of matrices: Multiplication of a matrix by a number, sum and difference of matrices, multiplication of matrices
• Inverse of a square matrix: Minor and cofactors of a matrix, adjoint of a matrix, inverse of a matrix
• Solution of a system of linear equations: Solution by Cramer’s rule, solution by matrix method
• Extended learning: Cramer’s rule for four or more equations, determinant as a function, matrix as a function, matrices over complex numbers, Hermitian and skew Hermitian, rank of a matrix, inverse by elementary row transformations
• Extended learning: Solution of 4 or more than 4 linear equations in 4 more than 4 variables

Mathematics: Unit 03

• Mathematical induction: Principle of mathematical induction, application of the principle in solving problems
• Permutations: Fundamental principle of counting, meaning of ⁿPᵣ expression for ⁿPᵣ
• Combinations: Meaning of ⁿCᵣ, expression for ⁿcᵣ, properties of ⁿcᵣ, namely-(i) ⁿcᵣ = ⁿPᵣ/ n!, (ii) ⁿcᵣ, = ⁿc n-ᵣ, (iii) ⁿCᵣ_ + ⁿCᵣ =ⁿ+cᵣ
• Binomial theorem: Binomial theorem for a positive index with proof
• Extended learning: Circular permutations, Pascal’s triangle, binomial theorem for negative index and rational indices (without proof)

Mathematics: Unit 04

• Arithmetic progression: Concept of a sequence, A.P. as a sequence, general term of an A.P., sum up to ‘n’ terms of an A.P.
• Geometric progression: G.P. as a sequence, general term of a G.P., sum up to ‘n’ terms of a G.P., sum up to infinite terms of a G.P.
• Series: Concept of a series, some important series, etc. Using method of differences and mathematical induction
• Exponential and logarithmic series: Representation of x e and log (1) + x as series. Properties of x e and log (1+x)
• Extended learning: Arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic progression, arithmetico-geometric progression and their relationships, logarithms on any base

Mathematics: Unit 05

• Functions: Concept of a function, domain, co domain, and range of a function, graphs of functions, odd and even functions, some important functions
• Composition of functions: Composition of two or more functions, inverse of a function
• Trigonometric ratios: Radian measure of angles, trigonometric ratios as functions, graphs of T-ratios, periodicity, T-ratios of allied angles, inverse trigonometric ratios
• Addition and multiplication formulae: Addition and subtraction formulae for trigonometric functions, sines, cosines, and tangents of multiples and submultiples, solution of simple trigonometric equations
• Extended learning: Properties of triangles, solution of triangles, properties of inverse functions, trigonometric equations and their solutions, general solution of trigonometric equations

Mathematics: Unit 06

• Introduction (basic concepts): Distance formula, section formula, area of a triangle
• Straight line: Equation of a straight line in, slope-intercept form, two point form, point-slope form, parametric form, intercepts form
• General equation of first degree and its relationship with straight line
• Parallel and perpendicular lines: Angle between two lines, parallel lines, perpendicular lines, distance of a point from a line, distance between two parallel lines, family of lines
• Circle: Equation of a circle whose radius and centre are given, equation of a circle in terms of extremities of its diameter, general equation of a circle, equations of tangents and normals, parametric representation of a circle
• Conic sections: Acquaintance with equation of parabola and ellipse in standard form, eccentricity, directrix and focus
• Extended learning: Locus-advanced examples of loci. System of circles: Equation of a family of circles passing through the intersection of two circles, condition for orthogonality of circles, radical axis of two circles
• Extended learning: Sections of a cone (conic sections)-derivation of equations of parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola in standard form, condition for y m x c = + to be a tangent to these conics, point of tangency
• Extended learning: General second degree equation in two variables condition for it to represent: A pair of straight lines, a circle, different conic sections

Mathematics: Unit 07

• Limit and coverage: Notion of limit (left hand and right hand limits), continuity of functions at a point, continuity of functions in an interval
• Differentiation: Derivatives from the first principle, derivative as instantaneous rate of change, geometrical meaning of derivative, derivative of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions and chain rule, derivatives of algebraic, trigonometric
• Differentiation: Exponential and logarithmic functions
• Monotonicity of functions: Monotonicity and sign of the derivative, second derivative of a function, maxima and minima

Mathematics: Unit 08

• Introduction to integral calculus: Integration as inverse of differentiation, properties of integrals
• Techniques of integration: Integration by substitution, integration by parts, integration using partial fractions
• Definite integrals: Idea of definite integral as limit of a sum, geometrical interpretation of definite integrals in simple cases. Properties of definite integrals, fundamental theorem of integral calculus (statement only)
• Differential equations: Notion of differential equation, its order and degree, solution of first order, first degree differential equations
• Definite integrals: Application of definite integrals in finding area under a curve
• Extended learning: Application of definite integrals in finding the area under a curve, formation of a differential equation, higher order differential equations reducible to variable separable cases

Mathematics: Unit 09

• Measures of dispersion: Range, mean deviation, variance and standard deviation
• Random experiments and events: Random experiments, sample space, events, types of events, viz. Mutually exclusive events and equally likely events
• Probability: Concept of probability, use of permutation and combination in probability, probability as a function, conditional probability and independent events, random variable as a function on sample space
• Probability distribution: Introduction to probability distribution, binomial distribution, expected value of a random variable, mean and variance of a binomial distribution
• Extended learning: Correlation and regression, curve fitting (fitting a line), mean and variance of Poisson distribution, Bivariate probability distributions

Mathematics: Unit 10

• Vectors: Scalars and vectors, vectors as directed line segments, magnitude and direction of a vector, null vector and unit vector, equality of vectors, position vector of a point
• Algebra of vectors: Addition and subtraction of vectors and their properties, multiplication of a vector by a scalar and their properties
• Resolution of a vector: Resolution of a vector in two dimensions. Resolution of a vector in three dimensions, section formula
• Coordinates of a point: Coordinates of a point in space. Distance between two points, coordinates of a division point. Direction cosines and projection. Condition of parallelism and perpendicularity of two lines
• The plane: General equation of a plane. Equation of a plane passing through three points. Equation of a plane in the normal and intercept form. Angle between two planes. Plane bisecting angles between two planes
• The plane: Homogeneous equations of second degree representing two planes. Projection and area of a triangle. Volume of tetrahedron
• The straight line: Equation of a line in symmetrical form. Deduction of the general equation into symmetrical form. Perpendicular distance of a point from a straight line. Angle between a line and a plane. Condition of coplanarity of two lines
• The sphere: Equation of a sphere-centre-radius form. Equation of a sphere through four non coplanar points. Diameter form of the equation of a sphere. Plane section of a sphere and sphere through a given circle. Intersection of a sphere and a line
• Extended learning: Skew lines, intersection of three planes, pole and polar plane in a sphere, equation of a cylinder and its properties, equation of a cone and its properties

Mathematics: Unit 11

• Introduction: Introduction through a real life problem. Solution by graphical method, general terms used in linear programming (in equation, objective function, convex polygon, feasible solution, optimal solution, etc)
• Introduction: Constraints in a linear programming problem, feasible and optimal solutions. Simplex method
• Applications: Dual problem, assignment problem, transportation problem
• Extended learning: Product-mix problem, duality, simplex method

Geography: Unit 01

• The sun in the universe: (i) The sun-our star; (ii) the sun in milky way-our galaxy, (iii) galaxy and the universe
• The sun’s family and planet earth: (i) Planets, satellites, asteroids, comets; (ii) uniqueness of the planet earth, (iii) moon-earth’s satellite, (iv) artificial satellites of the earth and the services they render

Geography: Unit 02

• Insolution and temperature: (i) Composition and structure of atmosphere, (ii) insolation and heat budget, (iii) global warming-its causes and effects
• Insolution and temperature: (iv) Horizontal distribution of temperature; factors affecting-(January and July temperature distribution), (v) vertical distribution of temperature and inversion of temperature
• Pressure and winds: (i) Atmospheric pressure and its measurement, (ii) horizontal distribution of pressure (January and July pressure distribution), (iii) vertical distribution of pressure, (iv) winds and their types: Planetary, periodic and local winds
• Pressure and winds: (v) Cyclones and anti cyclones
• Humidity and precipitation: (i) Humidity and its measurement-absolute and relative humidity, (ii) evaporation and condensation, forms of condensation, (iii) precipitation-forms and types, (iv) distribution of precipitation in the world
• Weather and climate: (i) Weather and climate, (ii) elements of weather and climate, (iii) factors affecting climate

Geography: Unit 03

• Oceans, submarine relief, and circulation of ocean waters: (i) Ocean basins and continents; submarine relief. (ii) Temperature-process of heating and cooling vertical and horizontal distribution of temperature. (iii) Salinity and its distribution
• Oceans, submarine relief, and circulation of ocean waters: (iv) Motion of ocean waters-(a) waves; (b) tides-causes, types and effects, (c) currents-types; cause and effects (warm and cold currents-gulf stream and labradore current)
• Oceans, submarine relief, and circulation of ocean waters: (v) Importance of ocean for man-(a) moderators of temperature; (b) bridge between landmasses; (c) marine resource-fisheries, mineral, desalination of water for human use
• Oceans, submarine relief, and circulation of ocean waters: (v) Importance of ocean for man-(d) oceans as source of energy

Geography: Unit 04

• Earth’s interior and materials of its crust: (i) Conditions inside the earth; (ii) materials of the earth’s crust; (iii) rocks and minerals; (iv) types of rocks and their economic significance
• Major landforms and their economic significance: (i) Major landforms-mountains, plateaus and plains and their economic significance
• Evolution of landforms due to internal forces: (i) Earth movements. (ii) Sudden and slow movements. (iii) Vertical and horizontal movements. (iv) Folding and faulting. (v) Volcanoes-causes and distribution. (vi) Earthquakes-causes and distribution
• Evolution of landforms due to external forces. (i) Process of gradation. (ii) Weathering-its types; (iii) formation of soils; (iv) agents of gradation-work of running water, underground water, moving ice, wind, and sea waves

Geography: Unit 05

• Significance of biosphere: (i) Three basic realms of the earth. (ii) Biosphere-its limits and the main elements. (iii) Ecology, ecosystem, and energy flow. (iv) Role of human being in the ecosystem and their varying responses
• Life in the low latitudes: (i) Concept of natural region. (ii) Environmental and human responses in the-(a) equatorial lowlands, (b) monsoon lands and, (c) hot deserts
• Life in the mid-latitudes: (i) Environmental and human responses in the-(a) mediterranean lands and (b) temperate grass lands
• Life in the high latitude: (i) Environmental and human responses in-(a) lands of taiga and, (b) tundra

Geography: Unit 06

• Physiographic: (i) Location, extent and size. (ii) Structure and physiographic divisions-northern mountains, northern plains, peninsular plateau, coastal plains and islands. (iii) Drainage systems-the Himalayan and the peninsular rivers
• Climate and natural vegetation: (i) Climate-factors influencing the climate of India, cycle of seasons, concept of monsoon. (ii) Natural vegetation-major natural vegetation regions and their characteristics

Geography: Unit 07

• Natural resources: (i) Land resource-land as a resource and its major uses. (ii) Soil resources-major soil types; soil conservation. (iii) Water resources-water budget
• Natural resources: (iii) Water resources-utilization and management of river waters for irrigation and hydroelectricity, (only example of major dams for explaining the idea of damming, diversion and canalization)
• Natural resources: (iii) Water resources-ground water tapping, overuse, and the need for conservation. The benefits of major river valley projects
• Natural resources: (iv) Forest resource-distribution of major forest types; forest produce, problems of deforestation, strategies of conservation and development with a few examples from specific areas
• Natural resources: (v) Wild life resources-bioreserves, national parks, wild life sanctuaries, impact of deforestation on wild life. (vi) Mineral resources: Distribution of mineral fuels, petroleum, natural gas and atomic minerals
• Natural resources: (vi) Mineral resources-distribution of the minerals as industrial raw material-iron ore, bauxite, manganese, limestone, mica; mineral rich zones; production, consumption and trade of important minerals; wastage and need for conservation

Geography: Unit 08

• Agricultural development: (i) Land use patterns and its significance for agriculture. (ii) Scope for expansion/ reclamation of cultivable land for raising agricultural productivity
• Agricultural development: (ii) Changing agricultural scenario as a result of induction of new technology and its significance in horticulture, sericulture, pisciculture and livestock rearing. (iii) Kharif and rabi crops and zaid (short season crops)
• Agricultural development: (iii) Areas and production of food crops-rice, wheat, millets; areas and production of industrial crops-sugarcane, cotton, jute, coffee, oilseeds. (iv) Prevailing agriculture practices-with examples from different regions
• Agricultural development: (v) Areas where horticulture, sericulture and livestock development has taken place
• Industrial development: (i) Existing patterns and newly emerging characteristics of agro-based and mineral based industries. (ii) Locational factors in the distribution and development of: (a) Agro-based industries-(i) sugar, (ii) paper
• Industrial development: (ii) Locational factors in the distribution and development of: (a) Agro-based industries-(iii) cotton, jute, textiles and vegetable oil; (b) minerals-based industries-(i) iron and steel, (ii) transport equipment industries
• Industrial development: (ii) Locational factors in the distribution and development of: (b) Minerals-based industries-(iii) cement; (iv) fertilizers, and (v) petrochemicals
• Industrial development: (iii) Industrial growth and its impact on environment, and the required remedial measures
• Infrastructural resources: (i) Role of infrastructure for development. (ii) Production and distribution of energy in India-thermal, hydel, nuclear and nonconventional sources of energy; national power grid, inter-state problems
• Infrastructural resources: (iii) Railways-influence of terrain; complimentarity with railways. (iv) Roadways-influence of terrain; complimentarity with roadways. (v) Water ways and airways-benefits and development
• Infrastructural resources: (vi) International trade-changing scenario, ports and airports

Geography: Unit 09

• Distribution of population: (i) Density and distribution of population, (ii) factors influencing density and distribution of population
• Growth of population: (i) Components of population growth-birth rate, death rate, and migration. (ii) Regional trend in population growth
• Population composition: (i) Characteristics of the composition of population in India-(a) rural-urban composition, (b) sex-age composition, (c) linguistic composition, (d) religious composition, (e) scheduled castes, schedule tribes
• Population composition: (i) Characteristics of the composition of population in India-(e) composition and distribution. (f) Literacy. (ii) Conclusion

Geography: Unit 10

• Nature and scope of geography teaching: (i) Aims and objectives of teaching geography as a part of environmental studies or social studies. (ii) Correlating geography with their school subjects
• Introducing elementary concepts in geography: (i) Methods of teaching geographical concepts and skills- (a) promotion of observational skills, (b) play way and activity methods and, (c) use and preparation of teaching aids
• Specimen content units with lesson plan: (i) Specimen content units-(a) different way of living in India, (b) many ways of living in the world, (c) story of transport and communication and, (d) story of trade-local, national and international

Geography: Unit 11

• Concept of tourism: (i) Meaning of tourism, brief history of tourism (reference of famous early traveler), (ii) Types of tourism. (iii) Classification of resorts
• Development of tourism in India: (i) Causes and factors of growth. (ii) India’s unique wealth for tourism. (iii) Planning for organization of tour activities
• Impact of tourism: (i) Development of under developed areas. (ii) Development of invisible exports. (iii) Planning for organization of tour activities
• Problems of mass tourism: (i) Profile of Indian tourism. (ii) Undue pressure on local people and price rise. (iii) Pollution of environment. (iv) Alienation of local people from their culture. (v) Strategies for travel promotion

Geography: Unit 12

• Field and its purpose: (i) Role of fieldwork in geography. (ii) Aim and formulation of hypothesis. (iii) The different approaches to fieldwork
• Design and methodology of field work: (i) Design-importance, components and types. (ii) Selection of samples and sample size. (iii) Formulation of questionnaires and schedules; field sketches, etc
• Design and methodology of field work: (iv) Collection of information-(a) methods of administering the questionnaires and survey schedule; (b) identification of samples; (c) use of field sketches; (d) precautions in collecting the information
• Design and methodology of field work: (v) Processing and presentation of information-(a) processing of primary data. (b) Presentation of data: Tabular and cartographic. (vi) Preparation of field work-(a) land-use survey of a village
• Design and methodology of field work: (vi) Preparation of field work-(b) survey of a market/ weekly market, (c) survey of civic amenities in an area, (d) survey of landforms of an area

Political science: Unit 01

• Sphere of politics: Power and authority freedom, and justice, nation, state, and the government, the nation-state and globalization of politics

Political science: Unit 02

• The making of the constitution: The preamble, salient features of the Indian constitution, fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy and fundamental duties, federalism and centre-state relation, emergency provisions

Political science: Unit 03

• The president and governors, the council of ministers, the prime minister and the chief minister, the parliament of India, the state legislature, structure and jurisdiction of Indian judiciary, judicial review and protection of fundamental rights
• Judicial activism

Political science: Unit 04

• Universal adult franchise, political parties and pressure groups, role of sociopolitical movements

Political science: Unit 05

• Administrative system: Centre, state, and district level, parliamentary control: The parliamentary committees, comptroller and auditor general, public grievances and redressal machinery, political science curriculum

Political science: Unit 06

• Urban local bodies, Panchayati raj institutions, non-government organizations

Political science: Unit 07

• Communalism and regionalism, environmental degradation, population growth and demographic change, the policy of economic liberalization if India

Political science: Unit 08

• Post Cold War global order, the United Nations, some international agencies, aspect of India’s foreign policy

Political science: Unit 09

• Case in Indian politics reservations, political violence, role of media

Political science: Unit 10

• Colonialism in India, freedom struggle in India, landmarks in constitutional development

Accountancy: Unit 01

• Business transactions, book-keeping, accounting, and its branches
• Nature, functions and objectives of financial accounting

Accountancy: Unit 02

• Meaning, assumptions: Business entity, money measurement, going concern, and periodicity

Accountancy: Unit 03

• Meaning, concepts: Matching, accrual, realization, and dual aspect concept

Accountancy: Unit 04

• Meaning, conventions: Consistency, full disclosure, materiality, conservatism

Accountancy: Unit 05

• Meaning and significance of different accounting terms like assets, liabilities, capital, revenues and expenses

Accountancy: Unit 06

• Need of accounting equation, meaning, and preparation of accounting equation

Accountancy: Unit 07

• Meaning of accounts, type of accounts: Assets, liabilities, capital, revenue and expense, rules of debit and credit on the basis of accounting equation

Accountancy: Unit 08

• Meaning, classification of journal into general journal and special journals (with examples)
• Incorporation of journal entries involving different accounts

Accountancy: Unit 09

• Meaning, types-simple cash book, two column cash book, and three column cash book

Accountancy: Unit 10

• Meaning, usefulness and types of vouchers (accounting vouchers and supporting vouchers), preparation of accounting vouchers: Debit voucher, credit voucher, transfer voucher

Accountancy: Unit 11

• Meaning classification of day book: Simple day book, day book with a transfer column, day book with bank and transfer column, classification of subsidiary day books: Purchases day book, sales day book, purchases returns day book, sales returns day book

Accountancy: Unit 12

• Recording into simple day book, day book with transfer column, day-book with bank column

Accountancy: Unit 13

• Recording into purchases day book, sales day book, sales returns day book, purchases returns day-book

Accountancy: Unit 14

• Meaning and format of ledger, posting the items from day book to ledger A/ cs

Accountancy: Unit 15

• Posting the items from subsidiary day books to ledger A/ cs

Accountancy: Unit 16

• Meaning, objective and format of trial balance, preparation of trial balance from ledger balances

Accountancy: Unit 17

• Meaning of accounting error, classification of errors, rectification of errors through journal and accounting vouchers, need and preparation of suspense A/ c

Accountancy: Unit 18

• Need, meaning, reasons for difference between the balance of cash book and pass book, preparation

Accountancy: Unit 19

• Classification of expenditure into capital and revenue (with examples), calculation of cost of goods sold, capital and revenue receipts

Accountancy: Unit 20

• Need, format of trading and profit and loss A/ c., items to be recorded on the debit and credit side of trading and profit and loss A/ c, preparation of trading and profit and loss A/ c
• Need, format of balance sheet, identification of accounts to be written on liabilities and assets side, preparation of balance sheet

Accountancy: Unit 21

• Need for adjustments, adjustments regarding closing stock, depreciation, additional bad debts, provision for doubtful debts, outstanding expenses, pre-paid expenses, accrued income and unearned income
• Incorporation of adjustments in trading and profit and loss A/ c and balance sheet

Accountancy: Unit 22

• Meaning, partnership deed, types of partners, capital accounts
• Accounting treatment of the following in the absence of partnership deed: (a) Distribution of profits, (b) interest on partner’s loans, (c) interest on capital and drawings, (d) salary and commission of partner

Accountancy: Unit 23

• Concept of admission of partner, calculation of profit sharing ratio, revaluation of assets and liabilities, goodwill: Meaning, valuation, and its recording, adjustment regarding adjustments in partners’ capital A/c, preparation of revaluation A/ c
• Goodwill: partner’s capital A/c and balance sheet from the given information

Accountancy: Unit 24

• Meaning, calculation of new profit sharing ratio, calculation of gaining ratio, recording of goodwill, revaluation of assets and liabilities, accumulated reserves and profits, adjustments regarding partners, capital accounts
• Calculation of profit up to the date of death of a partner
• Preparation of relevant A/cs and balance sheet

Accountancy: Unit 25

• Concept of dissolution of partner and partnership firm, realization of asset and making payment of liabilities, treatment of unrecorded assets and liabilities, preparation of realization A/ c
• Partner’s capital A/c and bank A/c (excluding insolvency of partners)

Accountancy: Unit 26

• Meaning, characteristics, and kinds of companies, shares (as a source of finance) and its types, kinds of shares capital

Accountancy: Unit 27

• At par, at discount (Sec. 79) and at premium (Sec, 78), share application, share allotment and share calls, calls in arrears and calls-in-advance
• Journal entries in the books of company, preparation of accounting vouchers, preparation of share capital A/ c, share allotment A/c, bank A/c and calls A/c

Accountancy: Unit 28

• Meaning of forfeiture, accounting treatment for forfeiture of shares issued at par, discount and premium, accounting treatment for reissue of forfeited shares originally issued at par, discount, and premium

Accountancy: Unit 29

• Meaning of financial statements, meaning, and need for analysis of financial statement
• Arithmetical and accounting ratio, concept of ratio analysis, parties interested in analysis of financial statement, significance of accounting ratios

Accountancy: Unit 30

• Meaning, significance, and calculation of liquidity and turnover ratios

Accountancy: Unit 31

• Meaning, significance, and calculation of gross profit, net profit, return on investment and debt-equity ratios

Accountancy: Unit 32

• Meaning, need, increase/ decrease in working capital by preparing schedule of changes in working capital, funds from operation

Accountancy: Unit 33

• Preparation of funds flow statement in ‘T’ form, adjustments: Depreciation (including provision for depreciation), sale and purchase of fixed asset

Accountancy: Unit 34

• Meaning and characteristics, receipts and payments A/c; meaning, need, preparation, difference between receipts and payments A/c and cash book

Accountancy: Unit 35

• Income and expenditure A/c: Meaning, need, preparation, difference between receipts and payments A/c and income and expenditure A/c
• Adjustments: Outstanding and prepaid expenses, accrued and unearned incomes, subscriptions and depreciation on asset only
• Preparation of balance sheet

Sociology: Unit 01

• An introduction to sociology, emergence and development of sociology, sociology: Its relationships with other social sciences, methods and techniques of research in sociology, society, community, association, and institution
• Social groups, social structure and social system, norms and values, status and role, cooperation, competition, and conflict, acculturation, assimilation, and integration

Sociology: Unit 02

• Marriage, family, kinship, economy, polity and religion, social stratification: Hierarchy, differentiation, and inequality

Sociology: Unit 03

• Factors of social change, processes of social change, socialization, social control, social deviance, society and environment

Sociology: Unit 04

• Indian social thinkers, unity and diversity, national integration: Concept and challenge, Indian society: Tribal, rural, and urban, caste system in India, major religious communities in India, major social problems of India
• Problem of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, problems of other deprived sections

Sociology: Unit 05

• Society and environment, historical and cultural perspectives, gender discrimination, problems of women, quest for equality and women’s empowerment

Sociology: Unit 06

• Culture: Concept and characteristics, Indian cultural heritage, cultural pluralism, media and culture

History: Unit 01

• Pre-historic India: Impact of geography on Indian history, unity in diversity, ancient people of India, pre-historic cultures, Paleolithic culture, Neolithic culture, chalcolithic culture

History: Unit 02

• Salient features of the Harappan civilisation: Sites, extent and period, town planning, social life, crafts and trade, pottery, seals, terra-cotta figurines, religion, script, weights and measures, disappearance
• Its significance: Legacy of the Harappan civilization, Harappan civilization and west Asia, Harappans Aryans and the Vedic

History: Unit 03

• The Rig-Vedic age: The Aryan advent, political organization, early Aryan society, economic life, Rig Vedic Gods
• The later Vedic age: Expansion, political changes, material life, social development, the epic age, religion
• Importance of Vedas: schools of Vedic philosophy, Vedic literature: Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, the Upanishads and the Puranas, concept of Dharma: Four ends of life, evolution of the caste system, the Dharmashastras
• Importance of Vedas: Varnashrama system (four stages of life)

History: Unit 04

• Jainism: Vardhaman Mahavira, doctrine of Jainism, spread of Jainism, rise of sects
• Buddhism: Life of Gautama Buddha, doctrines of Buddhism, spread of Buddhism, rise of sects, decline of Buddhism
• Contribution of Jainism and Buddhism: Importance of Jainism, influence of Buddhism, comparison of Jainism with Buddhism

History: Unit 05

• Rise of Magadha: Concept of political unity, sixteen Mahajanapadas, Magadhan supremacy, the Nandas
• Persian and Greek invasions: Persian conquest, Alexander’s invasion, extinction of Greek rule in northwest India
• Importance of Magadhan supremacy and foreign invasions: Importance of the first Magadhan Empire, results of the Persian impact, effects of Alexander’s invasion

History: Unit 06

• Chandra Gupta Maurya: Imperial organization, Ashoka; impact of the Kalinga war, Dharma and spread of Buddhism, edicts, cause of downfall of the Mauryan empire

History: Unit 07

• The Indo-Greeks: The Sakas, the Parthians, the Kushans, Kanishka, achievements of Kanishka
• The Satavahanas: Political developments, foreign trade and settlements, pattern of social life, religious life

History: Unit 08

• The Gupta empire: Rise and expansion of the Gupta empire, Chandraguptai, Samudragupta, Chandragupta ii, decline of the Gupta empire-invasions of the Hunas
• Life in the Gupta age: Administration, social development-status of women, economic life, religious life, account of Fa-Hsien
• Harsha: Main events, the assembly at Kanauj, account of Hsuan Tsang, Nalanda university

History: Unit 09

• Development of culture in-Assam, Bengal, Kalinga
• Early kingdoms of the south: Early Cholas, the Cheras and Pandyas, the Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas, the Pallavas, the Cholas

History: Unit 10

• Asoka’s place in history
• Contacts with central Asian countries
• Growth of Brahmanism and Buddhism
• Development of art, architecture, painting
• Literature under the Guptas
• Science and technology under the Guptas

History: Unit 11

• Spread of Indian culture in west Asia, Tibet, China, and south east Asia
• Colonial settlement abroad
• Development of trade and commerce
• Art and architecture-Angkor vat and Borobudur

History: Unit 12

• Contributions of ancient India: Aryan, non-Aryan synthesis, agrarian economy, rise of landed class, changes in the vama system, Hindu-Jain-Buddhist interaction, the coming of Christianity, mathematics and medicine
• Contributions of ancient India: Literature and philosophy-the Tamil heritage, sculpture, painting and architecture: Brief outlines of schools of art; Gandhara and Mathura: contributions of the Pallavas and the Cholas; Mahabalipuram, Tanjore and Halebid

History: Unit 13

• Advent of Islam in India: Coming of Arab traders, conquest of Sind (712 AD)
• Indian invasion of sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (996-1030 AD): The emergence of Rajput states and the struggle for supremacy, advent of Muhammed Ghuri (1173-1205 AD) and the battles of Tarain, the Mamluk Sultans, Iltutmish, Raziya and Balban
• Indian invasion of sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (996-1030 AD): The Mongol invasions, conquest of northern India by the Mamluk Sultans
• A comparative estimate of the achievements of sultan Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Ghuri: Effects of sultan Mahmud of Ghazni’s invasion of India. Causes of success of Turkish conquest of northern India and the failure of Rajput resistance
• A comparative estimate of the achievements of sultan Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Ghuri: Achievements of Iltutmish and Balban

History: Unit 14

• The Khaljis (1210-1320): Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji (1210-96), Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316), expansion of Delhi sultanate: Devgiri, Rajputana and Malwa, Deccan expedition of Malik Kafur (1307), Mongol invasions
• The Tughlaqs (1320-1412 AD): Ghiyas-Ud-Din Tughlaq (1320-24 AD), territorial expansion and suppression of revolts, fall of Warangal, accession of muhammad tughlaq, expansion in the south: Kampili and Hoysala
• Reforms of Alauddin Khalji: military organization, agrarian reforms, market regulations, assessment of reforms
• Experiments of Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD): Transfer of capital, taxation in the doab, introduction of token currency, invasion of Khurasan, Ibn Batuta, appraisal of the experiments

History: Unit 15

• Firuz Tughlaq and his successors: Invasion of Timur (1398), rise of provincial dynasties: Jaunpur, Gujarat, Malwa, Bengal, Kashmir, the Saiyids and the Lodi Sultans
• Impact of reforms of Firuz Tughlaq: Effects of Timur’s invasion of India, estimate of Zainul Abidin of Kashmir, achievements of Sikander Lodi

History: Unit 16

• Foundation of the Vijaynagar kingdom: Rise and expansion of the Bahamani kingdom and conflict with Vijaynagar, advent of the Portuguese, Bread-up of the Bahmani Kingdom, Battle of Talikota and Disintegration of the Vijaynagar kingdom
• Climax of Vijaynagar: Deva Raya II, Krishna Deva Raya III-evaluation of the achievements of Mahmud Gawan, causes of the break-up of the Bahmani kingdom, causes of the downfall of the Vijaynagar kingdom

History: Unit 17

• Establishment of the Mughal Empire: India at the opening of the sixteenth century, Babur and the foundation of the Mughal Empire. Humayun’s struggle with Bahadur Shah and Sher Shah, end of Sur Dynasty and return of Humayun
• Significance of Babur’s advent into India: Administration of Sher Shah

History: Unit 18

• Accession of Akbar and expansion of the Mughal Empire: Jahangir and Shah Jahan, foreign policy of the Mughals: North western frontier and central Asia
• Achievements of Akbar: Efforts towards Integration, assessment of the achievements of Jahangir and Shah Jahan

History: Unit 19

• Aurangzeb and war of succession: Relations with Assam and Bengal, Popular Revolts: Jats, Satnamis, Bundelkhand
• Role of Aurangzeb: Causes of Aurangzeb’s success in the war of succession, significance of popular revolts

History: Unit 20

• Babur and the Rajputs: Akbar’s Rajput policy-conquest of Chittor, Ranthambhor, Rana Pratap and war with Akbar, Surrender of Mewar (1614), Aurangzeb’s relations with the Sikh Gurus: Guru Amar Das and Guru Ram Das
• Babur and the Rajputs: Jahangir and Sikh Gurus-Guru Arjun Das and Guru Hargovind, Aurangzeb, and Sikh Gurus: Tegh Bahadur and Gobind Singh

History: Unit 21

• Evaluation of Rajput policy of the Mughals: Assessment of the Mughal policy towards the Sikhs
• Mughal Policy towards the Deccan under Akbar: Conquest of Berar, Ahmadnagar and Khandesh, Shah Jahan and the Deccan, Viceroyalty of Aurangzeb, Annexation of Bijapur and Golconda by Aurangzeb

History: Unit 22

• Assessment of the Mughal policy towards the Deccan: Akbar, Aurangzeb
• Rise of Shivaji: Aurangzeb’s relations with Shivaji, Aurangzeb’s war with the Marathas after Shivaji (1680-1707)-Shambhaji, Raja Ram and Tara Bai

History: Unit 23

• Shivaji’s Administration: Estimate of Shivaji, Assessment of Aurangzeb, Aurangzeb’s responsibility for the decline of the Mughal Empire
• Administrative System: Nature of the Delhi Sultans and the caliphate, secularism under Akbar, central administration, provincial administration, local administration

History: Unit 24

• Military organization: Military System during the Sultanate period, the mansbdari system of the Mughals
• Social conditions: Feudal society: The sultans; the nobles and the slaves, the Mughal nobility, middle class and masses, growing disparity in life-style, social customs, manners and education, social decline

History: Unit 25

• Economic Conditions: General prosperity, prices and wages, land revenue system, trade and commerce
• Religious policy of Delhi Sultante: Interaction of Islam and Hinduism, the Bhakti movement-Vaishanavites, the Sufism, contribution of Amir Khusrau

History: Unit 26

• Architecture under the Sultanate, architecture under the Mughals, development of languages and literature, Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Urdu, and regional Languages: Tamil, Hindi, Bengali, and Marathi
• Mughal painting; music and dance ; other arts, gardening, pottery, metal-works, jewellery and textiles

History: Unit 27

• Advent of the European trading nations: New trade routes to India and advent of European trading companies, growth of the English East India company, causes of success of the English East India company
• Territorial expansion of the East India company: Bengal, Avadh, Mysore and Sind, The fall of the Marathas, British policy towards Nepal, Burma, and Afghanistan
• Economic impact of British Rule: Land revenue policy-the permanent settlement, the Ryotwari, the Mahalwari system, economic exploitation of India, development of modern industries and export policy

History: Unit 28

• Dual system of company’s administration in Bengal, system of subsidiary alliance, doctrine of lapse, assessment of agricultural and industrial policies, ruin of handicrafts, darin of wealth, a balance sheet of British rule in India

History: Unit 29

• Early missionary efforts and private enterprise, contributions of to the growth of English education in India: (i) Raja Rammohan Roy, (ii) Macaulay, (iii) William Bentinck, (iv) M.G. Ranade
• Establishment of three universities and downward filtration theory of education, Deccan education society, development of education in the 20th century, growth of professional education
• Move towards universalisation of elementary education and equal educational opportunity

History: Unit 30

• The Brahmo Samaj and Raja Rammohan Roy, the Prarthana Samaj and Mahadev Govind Ranade, Arya Samaj and Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the Ram Krishna mission and Swami Vivekananda, the theosophical society and Annie Besant
• The Aligarh movement and Sayyid Ahmed Khan

History: Unit 31

• Abolition of Sati and female infanticide, widow remarriage and education of women, removal of untouchability and emphasis on social equality, role of-(i) Jyotiba Phule, (ii) B.R. Ambedkar, (iii) Mahatma Gandhi
• Social legislation, servants of India society

History: Unit 32

• Causes: Remote and immediate; course of the revolt, nature, causes of failure and results of the revolt

History: Unit 33

• British policy: Political and economic, administrative unification of the country, introduction of western ideas and institution, a new awakening through western education; rediscovery of India’s past, economic exploitation, racial discrimination
• Impact of press and literature, impact of social and religious reforms

History: Unit 34

• Early political movements, establishment of the Indian national congress, policy of Indian national congress till 1905, British government’s attitude towards the Indian national congress

History: Unit 35

• The partition of Bengal and its consequences, the Swadeshi and Boycott movements, formation of the Muslim league (1906), the moderates and the extremists: The Surat split of Indian national congress (1907), inadequacy of morley reforms
• The revolutionary activities, the home rule movement, Lucknow pact (1916), emergence of Mahatma Gandhi, Champaran satyagraha

History: Unit 36

• The Montague-Chelmsford reforms, the Rowlett act, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, The Swarajists, resurgence of the masses, the Simon commission, Hindu-Muslim relations, Lahore congress and Poorna Swaraj, revival of revolutionary activities
• Civil disobedience movement, round table conference, growth of socialist ideas, formation of congress ministries, international developments and the congress, all India state people movement, new communal trends

History: Unit 37

• World War-II and the Cripps mission, Quit India movement, Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian national army, Interim government, partition of India, emergence of a socialist, secular and democratic republic

History: Unit 38

• Features of the freedom movement, paticipation by the masses, emphasis on social reforms: (i) Removal of untouchability, (ii) emancipation of women, economic planning and rural reconstruction, secular character, leaders from all regions
• Role of: (i) Abul Kalam Azad, (ii) Annie besant, (iii) Bal Gangadhar Tilak, (iv) Bhagat singh, (v) C. Rajgopalachari, (vi) Gopal krishna Gokhale, (vii) Jawahar Lal Nehru, (viii) Lala Lajpat Rai, (ix) Mahatma Gandhi, (x) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Role of: (xi) Sardar Patel, (xii) Sarojini Naidu, (xiii) Subhas Chandra Bose, (xiv) Subramania Bharati, (xv) V.D. Savarkar

History: Unit 39

• Integration of princely states (1947-58), reorganization of the Indian states, India-a democratic republic, democratic planning, process, social mobility-decline of cast rigidities and untouchability, emancipation of woman
• Development of science and technology, problem of national integration, principles of Indian foreign policy, Indo-Pak relations, Sino-Indian relations, India’s relations with Bangladesh, non-alignment movement

History: Unit 40

• The Paleolithic and the Neolithic settlements
• Ancient trade centers
• Empire of Kanishka
• The Gupta Empire
• Empire of Harsha
• India’s contact with Asian countries
• India in 1210 AD
• India under the Tughlaqs: India in the 15th century, the Mughal empire in 1605 AD, kingdom of Shivaji 1680, Anglo-French war-1740-1761, Indian and European settlements in 1705 AD, major Indian states in 1750 AD, British Empire in India in 1805 AD
• India under the Tughlaqs: Kingdom of Ranjit Singh, important centres of the revolt of 1857, major Indian states on the eve of independence, famines in India in the 19th and 20th centuries, partition of India in 1947
• Sites of the Harappan culture
• Asoka’s Empire
• South India in 750 AD
• The Chola Empire
• The Khalji Empire 1320 AD
• Political conditions of India in 1525 AD
• The Mughal Empire in 1707 A.D
• The Maratha Empire in India in 1760 AD
• The British Empire in 1856 AD
• Important centers of the freedom movement from 1920-47

Computer science: Unit 01

• Introduction, objectives, functions and components of a computer: How the CPU and memory work
• Input devices: Keyboard, magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), optical mark recognition (OMR), bar code reader, digesting tablet, scanners, mouse, light pen, speech input devices
• Memory unit: Capacity of primary memory, secondary storage: Magnetic tape, magnetic disk, floppy disk, optical disk, output device: Display screen, printer, plotter, sound cards and speaker, D-audio

Computer science: Unit 02

• Introduction, objectives, data, processing, information, data processing activities, the data processing cycle, computer processing operation, data processing systems, data organization, variable and fixed length records, logical versus physical records

Computer science: Unit 03

• Introduction, objectives, computer language, type of high-level language, compilers and interpreters, what is software, type of software: System software, application software

Computer science: Unit 04

• Introduction, objectives, main features of windows 98: Using the mouse, the symbol for menu commands: Desktop, desktop icon, start button and taskbar: Programs submenu, favorites submenu, documents submenu, setting, find, help, run, shut down
• Window explorer, managing files, folders, and windows: Shortcuts, windows most common, sharing folders and printers, MS-DOS-based program

Computer science: Unit 05

• Introduction, objectives, data communication, communication protocol, data transmission modes, types of communication services, communication media, computer network, network protocols, types of networks, network architecture
• Important terms used in networking

Computer science: Unit 06

• Introduction, objects, internet-the history, services of internet-e-mail, FTP, internet, www, world wide web (www), Java and C++, characteristic of java, how to Java ignores after Java, software business after Java, Java and the internet

Computer science: Unit 07

• Introduction, objectives, C++ character set, basic data types: Integer type (int), floating point type (float), character type (char), tokens: Keyword, identifiers, literals, punctuators, operators, the size of operator, the order of precedence
• Type conversion, constants, variables, input/ output (I/O), structure of C++ program

Computer science: Unit 08

• Introduction, objectives, object-oriented programming, basic concepts: Objects, classes, data abstraction, data encapsulation, modularity, inheritance, polymorphism, benefits of OOP, programming applications of OPP

Computer science: Unit 09

• Introduction, objectives, statements, compound statement, null statement, conditional statement, loop construct, jump statements, exit () function

Computer science: Unit 10

• Introduction, objectives, include directive, library function, user defined C++ function: Function prototype, arguments to a function, return type of a function, global and local variables, calling of function, inline function
• Function with default arguments

Computer science: Unit 11

• Introduction, objectives, initializations of one dimensional array, initialization of string, processing an array, two dimensional array

Computer science: Unit 12

• Introduction, objective, structure, variable of the structure, accessing of data members, structure variable in assignment statements, structure within structure, accessing nested structure members, initializing nested structure, type def
• Enumerated data type

Computer science: Unit 13

• Introduction, objective, structure, class: Creating objects, accessing class member, member function, nesting of member function, memory allocation for objects, array of object
• Constructor: Default constructor, parameterized constructors, copy constructor, constructor with default arguments, destructor

Computer science: Unit 14

• Introduction, objectives, need for inheritance, different forms of inheritance, defining derived class, multiple inheritance, visibility modes, absent class, virtual base class

Computer science: Unit 15

• Introduction, objectives, pointer: Pointer to array, pointer to string constant, pointer to structure, pointer to objects, this pointer

Computer science: Unit 16

• Introduction, objectives, file: Opening a file, open ( ) function, file pointers, the tellg ( ) and tellp ( ) function, write ( ) and read ( ) functions, close ( ) function

Painting: Unit 01

• Brief introduction and appreciation supported with drawing, maps, and pictures of the following art objects: (i) Mother Goddess (collection-National museum, Delhi), (ii) Seal with bull design (collection-National museum, Delhi)

Painting: Unit 02

• Brief introduction and appreciation supported with drawing and pictures of the following art objects: (i) Lion capital-(collection-Sarnath museum), (ii) Chauri bearer (Yakshi)-(collection-Patna museum)
• Brief introduction and appreciation supported with drawing and pictures of the following art objects and collection: (iii) Stupa I at Sanchi-(collection-Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh), (iv) Lord Mahavira-Jain Tirthankara-(collection-National museum, U.P.)
• Brief introduction and appreciation supported with drawing and pictures of the following art objects and collection: (v) Seated Buddha (Gandhara style)-(collection-Sarnath museum, Madhya Pradesh), (vi) Seated Buddha-(collection-Government museum, Mathura)

Painting: Unit 03

• Brief introduction and appreciation supported with drawing, and pictures of the following heritages/ monuments: (i) Pictures: Qutab Minar (place-Delhi), (ii) Taj Mahal-(place-Agra), (iii) Gol Gumbaz-(place-Bijapur)

Painting: Unit 04

• Brief introduction and appreciation of the following miniature paintings: (i) Bird catching at Baran-(artist-Bhag and collection-National museum, Delhi), (ii) Tanjore painting-(artist-unknown and collection-National museum, Delhi)

Painting: Unit 05

• Brief introduction and appreciation of the following paintings: (iii) A group of Kashmiri-(artisans-unknown and collection-National museum, Delhi), (iv) The bird-(artist-unknown and collection-National museum, Delhi)

Painting: Unit 06

• Brief introduction and appreciation of paintings in the modern era: (i) Paintings-Ravana and Jatayu (artist-Raja Ravi Varma and collection-National museum, New Delhi
• Brief introduction and appreciation of paintings in the modern era: (ii) Bengal school-(a) Radhika- (artist-Rabanindra Nath Tagore and collection-National gallery of modern art, New Delhi)
• Brief introduction and appreciation of paintings in the modern era: (ii) Bengal school-(b) Sri Chaitanaya under garud stambha (artist-Nand Lal Bose and collection-National gallery of modern art, New Delhi)
• Brief introduction and appreciation of paintings in the modern era: (ii) Bengal school-(c) Crucifixion (artist-Jamini Roy and collection-National gallery of modern art, New Delhi)

Painting: Unit 07

• Brief introduction and appreciation of paintings in modern era: (i) Painting-Women face (artist-Rabindranath Tagore and collection-National gallery of modern art, New Delhi)
• Brief introduction and appreciation of paintings in modern era: (ii) Painting-Adornment of bride (artist-Amrita Shergi and collection-National gallery of modern art, New Delhi)
• Brief introduction and appreciation of paintings in modern era: (iii) Painting-Santhal family (sculpture) (artist-Ram Kinker Baij and collection-National gallery of modern art, New Delhi)
• Brief introduction and appreciation of paintings in modern era: (iv) Painting-Mother Teresa (artist-M.F. Hussain and collection-National gallery of modern art, New Delhi)
• Brief introduction and appreciation of paintings in modern era: (v) Painting-Thorn prick (artist-N.S. Bendre and collectio-National gallery of modern art, New Delhi)

Psychology: Unit 01

• Psychology: An introduction, methods in psychology, biological bases of behaviour, sensory processes, perception and attention

Psychology: Unit 02

• Learning, memory and forgetting, thinking, individual differences, motivation, emotion

Psychology: Unit 03

• Nature of development, stages of development, factors of development, adolescence, adulthood to personality

Psychology: Unit 04

• Nature of personality, approaches to personality, adjustment, self-control and moral development, strategies for personality development

Psychology: Unit 05

• Group: Its nature, social influence, leadership, intergroup conflicts

Psychology: Unit 06

• Education and work, vocational choice, career development, work in organizations, vocational adjustment

Psychology: Unit 07

• Stress processes, stress and health problems, stress management, promoting well-being, development patterns in early childhood, play centre-organization, play centre-structural details, planning and conducting programmes
• Involvement of parents and community

Mass communication: Unit 01

• Introduction to communication, mass communication, role and impact of mass media, development communication

Mass communication: Unit 02

• Introduction to print media, what is news?, reporting and editing, language press in India

Mass communication: Unit 03

• Characteristics of radio, the radio station, formats of radio programmes, radio programme production

Mass communication: Unit 04

• Television in India, role of television as a mass medium, television channels, television programme production

Mass communication: Unit 05

• Advertising-an introduction, advertising-an industry, public relations-an introduction, public relations-tools

Mass communication: Unit 06

• Characteristics of new media, new media-the industry, new media-target audience, new media-employment opportunities

Mass communication: Unit 07

• Introduction to traditional media, types of traditional media, comparison of traditional media with electronic media, communicating through traditional media

Mass communication: Unit 08

• Introduction to photography, the camera, photojournalism, tole of a photojournalist

Data entry operations: Unit 01

• Computer organization, input and output devices, system software and application software, computer language, compiler and assembler

Data entry operations: Unit 02

• Elements of windows XP, desktop elements, locating files and folders, changing system setting, file management in windows, installation of software and hardware

Data entry operations: Unit 03

• Starting word program, word screen layout, typing screen objects, managing documents, protecting and finding documents, printing documents

Data entry operations: Unit 04

• Working with text, formatting text, formatting paragraphs, bulleted and numbered lists, copying and moving text, spelling and grammar, page formatting, creating tables

Data entry operations: Unit 05

• Types of document in mail merge, creating data source, creating mailing labels, merging data into main document

Data entry operations: Unit 06

• Selecting, adding and renaming worksheets, modifying a worksheet, resizing rows and columns, workbook protection

Data entry operations: Unit 07

• Formatting toolbar, formatting cells, formatting rows and columns, formatting worksheets using styles, protect and unprotect worksheets

Data entry operations: Unit 08

• Formulas and functions, copying a formula, types of functions, types of charts, auto shapes and smart art

Data entry operations: Unit 09

• Creating slides, slide sorter view, changing slide layouts, moving between slides

Data entry operations: Unit 10

• Getting connected to internet, types of internet connections, internet terminology, understanding internet address, web browser and internet services

Environmental science: Unit 01

• Origin of earth and evolution of environment, human society and environment, degradation of natural environment

Environmental science: Unit 02

• Principles of ecology, ecosystem, natural ecosystem, human modified ecosystem

Environmental science: Unit 03

• Human societies, deforestation

Environmental science: Unit 04

• Pollution-its causes, consequences and prevention, environment and health, disasters and their management, national environmental issues, global environmental issues

Environmental science: Unit 05

• Biodiversity conservation, conservation of other natural resources, soil and land conservation, water and energy conservation

Environmental science: Unit 06

• Concept of sustainable development, modern agriculture, concept of sustainable agriculture, cleaner technology

Environmental science: Unit 07

• Environmental legislation, environmental impact assessment (EIA), environment related institutions and organizations, enironmental ethics and Gandhian approach

Environmental science: Unit 08

• Global circulation of water, ground water resources, fresh water resources and distribution, methods of water harvesting, conservation at different levels

Environmental science: Unit 09

• Importance of energy in society, non-renewable sources of energy, renewable sources of energy, renewable sources of energy, energy conservation

Tourism: Unit 01

• Evolution of tourism, tourism industry and its organization, impact of tourism, fundamentals of travel and tourism geography, transport for tourism

Tourism: Unit 02

• Understanding Indian culture and heritage, performing art heritage in India, Indian architecture as tourist attractions

Tourism: Unit 03

• Culture and heritages in India: Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, culture and heritages in India: Sikhs, Islam and Christianity, cultural attractions in India

Tourism: Unit 04

• Natural tourist attractions in India, growth and patterns of tourism in India, growth and patterns of tourism in world

Tourism: Unit 05

• Tourism management, human resource management-I, human resource management-II, communication and personality development, tourism marketing

Tourism: Unit 06

• Fundamentals of travels agency and tour operation business, functions of travel agencies and tour operations, itinerary planning and tour packaging

Tourism: Unit 07

• Hospitality and catering industry, front office operations, supporting operations of hotel

Introduction to law: Unit 01

• Meaning of law, classification of legal system, personal law-I: Hindu law and Muslim law, personal law-II: Christian, Parsi and Jewish law

Introduction to law: Unit 02

• Normative functions of law and social control, principles of natural justice, techniques of law and remedies-I, techniques of law and remedies-II

Introduction to law: Unit 03

• Territorial law, civil law and criminal law, substantive law and procedural or adjective law, public law and private law

Introduction to law: Unit 04

• Indian judicial system, justice delivery system, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, legal services and lok adalat

Introduction to law: Unit 05

• Constitution and its nature, constitutionalism and preamble, fundamental rights and duties, directive principles of state policy

Introduction to law: Unit 06

• The executive, the legislature, the judiciary

Introduction to law: Unit 07

• Environmental law, sustainable development, general principles of environmental law, contemporary developments

Introduction to law: Unit 08

• Consumer protection, unfair trade practices, consumer redressal agencies, consumer activism

Library and information science: Unit 01

• Military Studies

Library and information science: Unit 02

• Overview of information sources, types of information sources, reference sources, e-resources

Library and information science: Unit 03

• Organization of library material: Concept, need and purpose, processing of library material: Classification and cataloguing, arrangement and maintenance of library material

Library and information science: Unit 04

• Library and information services for the users, traditional library services: Responsive and anticipatory, modern library services

Library and information science: Unit 05

• Library system and management, library staff, library users, librarianship as a career

Library and information science: Unit 06

• Information retrieval system: Concept and scope, information retrieval tools: Catalogue, index, subject heading lists, search techniques: Basic and advanced, web based search

Physical education and yog: Unit 01

• Introduction and historical developmen, ethics and values, physical fitness and wellness, career aspects of physical education

Physical education and yog: Unit 02

• Physical and physiological aspect, psychological aspects, social aspects, spiritual aspects

Physical education and yog: Unit 03

• Introduction to health, diet and nutrition, awareness of lifestyle disorders, school health programme

Physical education and yog: Unit 04

• Physical education for various populations, sports training, test and measurement, organization of tournaments, athletic injuries, first aid and safety

Physical education and yog: Unit 05

• Hatha yog, Shatkarma, Asana, Pranayama, Mudra and Bandha

Military studies: Unit 01

• Importance of military studies, concept and evolution of military studies, contemporary need of military studies

Military studies: Unit 02

• Armed forces, special forces, para military forces

Military studies: Unit 03

• Geo-strategy, geo-politics, maritime security

Military studies: Unit 04

• Role and equipment used by the armed forces, modernization of the Indian armed forces

Military studies: Unit 05

• Nuclear warfare, chemical warfare, biological warfare, cyber warfare

Military studies: Unit 06

• Armed forces in peace keeping, armed forces in disaster management, armed forces in internal security

Military history: Unit 01

• Warrior system in ancient India, armies in ancient age, military ethos, Maurya and Gupta armies

Military history: Unit 02

• Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, military system of the Mughals, battles of Mughal army, rise and fall of the Mughal empire

Military history: Unit 03

• Colonial era and the Indian sepoy, battles fought in the colonial era, revolt of 1857 and reforms in the Indian army, Indian army in World War-I and II

Military history: Unit 04

• Indian army, Indian navy, the Indian air force

Military history: Unit 05

• Indo-Pakistan war (1947-48), Sino-Indian war-1962, India-Pakistan war-1965, India-Pakistan war–1971, Kargil conflict-1999

Military history: Unit 06

• Insurgency, terrorism

Early childhood care and education: Unit 01

• Early childhood care and education: Meaning and significance, early childhood in India, needs and rights of children, ECCE policies, schemes and programmes in India, issues and directions in ECCE

Early childhood care and education: Unit 02

• Growth and development, domains of development, stages of child development: prenatal; and birth to three years, stages of child development: Three to six years and six to eight years

Early childhood care and education: Unit 03

• Care of children in early years, play and early learning, planning developmentally appropriate ECCE curriculum, how children learn (early learning and teaching), methods of child study

Early childhood care and education: Unit 04

• Profile of an ECCE centre, administration and management of an ECCE centre, qualities and roles of an ECCE teacher, involvement of parents and community, smooth transition

Early childhood care and education: Unit 05

• Understanding diversity, inclusion: Concept and practice, early identification and intervention