JEE Main Important Physics formulas
ApplyAs per latest 2024 syllabus. Physics formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters
There are in general, 8 methods of irrigation.They are as follows
Surface Irrigation
Localized Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
Sprinkler Irrigation
Center Pivot Irrigation
Lateral Move Irrigation
Sub-Irrigation
Manual Irrigation
For survival, water is a need. Human bodies are made up of over 70% water, compared to plants, which have a water content of almost 90%. To meet our body's needs for water, we must still rely on some external sources. Similar to people, plants need water for development and growth. Irrigation is the practice of providing crops with water.
One of the most essential and beneficial things in human history is irrigation. There are numerous irrigation techniques, but the goal is always to provide the plant with water as effectively and efficiently as possible. The plant is one of the many things that our planet and everything on it is reliant upon. All living things, including humans, animals, and everything dependent on water, breathe in the oxygen released by plants as they breathe in the carbon dioxide they take in during respiration. Because rain is a seasonal phenomenon, as it is in the temperate zone, we require irrigation techniques for agriculture.
If you have goals involving agriculture or anything having to do with the soil or plants, the more you study, the more information you will learn. Utilising water that is delivered to any land following their needs for a variety of functions is accomplished through soil irrigation. The soil is frequently destroyed as a result of our frequent over-watering. Irrigation is another way to adjust the frequency of water delivery needed by a certain plantation. Retaining the texture of the soil for better growth helps to grow an abundance of crops. Additionally, it aids in maintaining topography and in regenerating vegetation in loam.
It used to be that people went through a lot of hardships solely as a result of insufficient rainfall because it takes a lot of water to maintain large farmlands. It was also quite difficult to spread water across the ground because it requires a lot of manpower and time, which costs the farmer more money than he can make from the farmland. The farmer may now conduct business throughout the year, even when it's not the correct season, thanks to the irrigation method and minimal cost.
Rainfall is insufficient to maintain crops; irrigation systems artificially supply water to plants. In areas with insufficient rainfall, it is most frequently used. Water is essential for a plant's survival and growth because it enables nutrients to enter its structures, allowing them to photosynthesize.
In Egypt and Mesopotamia, where rains and flooding were common, the water system was first used approximately 6000 B.C.E. Traditional methods for irrigation in agriculture included digging canals, using a pulley system, and using water wheels to deliver water from streams to the crops. Irrigation farming for water systems was once viable by following these simple, modest procedures, but this is no longer possible. They are laborious and time-consuming, and they cause fake rain. See the list of uses for water in farming below.
Rainfall is nature's method of irrigation, but it works by way of precipitation, which is just water dripping from the sky to the ground. Although the quality of the food is unaffected by water scarcity, it is susceptible to it when rainfall is lower.
The artificial method of applying water to the soil through tubes, pumps, and other means is known as irrigation. This artificial technique is frequently needed in temperate regions and areas with few or one rainy season. Irrigation systems come in a wide variety of designs, which I'll list in the next sentence. Depending on the land's connection to the water, irrigation water can come from a variety of sources. Wells, surface water, rivers, lakes, ground waters, or other unspecified sources are all potential sources.
Well-derived groundwater - 16%
Tube wells – 46%
Canals: 24%.
Tanks - 3%
Additional sources (Rain, Rivers, Pounds, Drainage, Surface Water, Municipal Water, and others) - 11%
It has historically been an agrarian nation. Data indicate that various forms of farming employ more than half of the labour force. India is a significant exporter of natural grain goods, dried fruits, and oats. India has frequently faced challenges including low harvest output, adverse harvests, rainstorms, and others.
The majority of these problems have been resolved using traditional irrigation techniques. These antiquated irrigation techniques are nonetheless effective. These methods are used by Indian farmers to ensure proper seed germination, increased harvest yields, and quick growth of food crops. Organic farming irrigation is known as traditional irrigation.
Traditional irrigation methods come in the following five categories.
Using labourers and watering cans, water is manually applied in an even distribution across the field. A lot of labour is focused on this system. Depending on how and for what purposes you utilise any of these techniques, they are each valuable in their unique way. Even the best irrigation system can appear to have problems occasionally, thus the lade is important. It would be easier for you to take care of your plants if you knew what kind of soil you were using and if there was a decent supply of water nearby in a reservoir.
This method of irrigation depends on the availability of water. The cultivating field is divided into numerous sectors connected by a little drain. The highest point on the ground is where water is stored. These channels then begin. Traditional irrigation of this kind has been practised for a very long time.
The farming field is separated into numerous segments. Such strips are segregated by ‘med’. Each strip's length is determined by how steeply it slopes toward a supply area. Such a method takes the least amount of work and money.
Furrow irrigation is excellent for planting crops that are arranged in columns. It is anticipated to be used in farming. Greater irrigation of larger tracts of land may result from this style.
For increasing yields, the conventional watering method is not used. Close to these trees, an elevated stage is typically constructed out of mud or cement. To obtain water, channels are dug.
The modern irrigation system is a technique for creating artificial irrigation in places where there is insufficient rainfall. It is a method of supplying water using pumps, tubes, and sprays. In areas with problematic rainfall or where droughts are frequent, irrigation is frequently used. Various irrigation system approaches are used to distribute water evenly across the area. There are many possible origins for this water supply process. It comprises treated wastewater, surface water sources including lakes, rivers, and reservoirs, as well as groundwater springs or wells.
The six different types of contemporary irrigation systems are as follows.
The earliest type of irrigation, surface irrigation, has been in use for many centuries. Water is applied to the surface of agricultural lands using surface (flood, or level basin) irrigation systems to moisten it and allow soil infiltration. Furrow irrigation, border strip irrigation, and basin irrigation are the three types of surface irrigation. Flood irrigation is a common term used when irrigation causes floods or threatens to cause flooding on the cropland. This technique has traditionally been the most popular for irrigating agricultural land and is still in use in the majority of the world.
Ponding (surface water that has been collected into a puddle) and flowing water are the two main kinds of surface irrigation techniques. To provide enough infiltration at the lower end of the field using the moving water techniques, some runoff or ponding is required. Over time, the depth of infiltration and run length is influenced by the kind of soil. The greater the soil quality, the less runoff is unnecessary, the better the infiltration into the soil, and the better the usage of the soil for the crops (BURT 2000). However, because of ponding, it's crucial to irrigate the crops at night or in the early morning to prevent water loss from evaporation.
Trickle irrigation, also called drip (or micro) irrigation, works as its name implies. In this technique, water is applied directly to the roots in a drop-by-drop fashion. Drop by drop, water is given to or near the root zone of plants. If runoff and evaporation are kept to a minimum, this technique could be the most water-efficient one for irrigation. When handled properly, drip irrigation has a field water efficiency that normally falls between 80 and 90 per cent.
It drips water into the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) using a system of small-diameter plastic pipes equipped with outlets known as emitters or drippers. Drip irrigation is sometimes referred to as trickling irrigation. In contrast to surface and sprinkler irrigation, which includes watering the entire soil profile, water is supplied near the plants so that just the area of soil where the roots develop is moist. When compared to other approaches, drip irrigation uses water applications more frequently (typically every 1-3 days), which creates a very favourable high moisture level in the soil where plants can thrive.
The emitters release nutrients and water into the soil, which is then transported by capillary action and gravity into the root zone of the plants. By doing this, the plant's loss of moisture and nutrients is nearly immediately replaced, preventing water stress and improving quality, optimum development, and production.
In overhead or sprinkler irrigation, water is piped to one or more central places within the field before being dispersed by high-pressure sprinklers or guns from above. Solid-set irrigation is a term used to describe a system that uses sprinklers, sprays, or guns that are mounted above permanently installed risers.. Rotors—higher pressure rotating sprinklers—are propelled by ball drives, gear drives, or impact mechanisms. Rotors may be made to revolve completely or partially. In comparison to rotors, guns typically operate at very high pressures of 275 to 900 kPa (40 to 130 psi) and flow of 3 to 76 L/s (50 to 1200 US gal/min). Nozzle sizes for guns typically range from 10 to 50 mm (0.5 to 1.9 in). In addition to industrial uses like dust suppression and logging, guns are also employed for irrigation.
Sprinklers can also be mounted on moving platforms that are hosed directly to the water supply. Small farms, sports fields, parks, pastures, and cemeteries can all have automatically moving wheeled irrigation systems known as roaming sprinklers. The majority of these make use of polyethene tubing that is coiled around a steel drum. The irrigation water or a small gas engine pulls the sprinkler across the field as the tubing is coiled on the drum.
The mechanism turns off as soon as the sprinkler returns to the reel. Most people refer to this kind of device as a "water reel" travelling irrigation sprinkler, and they are frequently used for irrigation, dust control, and wastewater application on land. Others employ a flat rubber hose that is hauled behind them, while a rope pulls the sprinkler platform.
The procedure of providing water to soils immediately beneath the surface is known as subsurface irrigation or simply the sub-irrigation method. Plant roots receive moisture by capillary action. Field crops have long been sub-irrigated in regions with high water tables. It is a technique for artificially elevating the water table so that moisture can be added to the soil from below the root zone of the plants. These systems frequently include drainage infrastructure and are situated on permanent grasslands in lowlands or river valleys. It is possible to raise or lower the water level in a network of ditches and so manage the water table thanks to a system of pumping stations, canals, weirs, and gates.
Sub-irrigation is also employed in the production of commercial greenhouse plants, typically for potted plants. Water is delivered from below, absorbed by the surface, and the extra water is collected for recycling. Usually, a water and nutrient solution floods a container or runs through a trough for 10 to 20 minutes before being pumped back into a holding tank for reuse. Sub-irrigation in greenhouses calls for fairly sophisticated, pricey management and equipment. The advantages include reduced system maintenance and automation, labour savings, and water and nutrient conservation. It functions similarly to subsurface basin irrigation in terms of both principle and execution.
Self-watering planters, commonly referred to as sub-irrigated planters, are a different kind of sub-irrigation. This comprises a planter that is suspended above a reservoir using a wicking material, like a polyester rope. Using capillary action, the water is drawn up the wick. Wicking beds, another capillary action-based approach, are comparable.
Centre pivot irrigation is a type of sprinkler irrigation that uses many segments of pipe (often made of galvanised steel or aluminium) that are connected and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers, with sprinklers spaced along its length. The pivot point at the middle of the arc supplies water to the system, which travels in a circular pattern. All types of terrain can be irrigated using these systems, which are present and in use throughout the entire world. As can be seen in the following image, newer systems incorporate drop sprinkler heads.
To reduce evaporative losses, most centre pivot systems as of 2017 include sprinkler heads mounted at the top of a U-shaped pipe with drops hanging from it, which limit evaporative losses. Drops can also be employed with drag hoses or bubblers that spread the water out between crops on the ground. To fit the centre pivot, crops are frequently planted in a circular pattern. LEPA is the name of this system type (Low Energy Precision Application). Most centre pivots were first propelled by water. These were swapped out for hydraulic systems (T-L Irrigation) and systems powered by electric motors (Reinke, Valley, Zimmatic). Today's pivots commonly have GPS components.
By applying water directly to the plant's growing area, localised irrigation systems reduce water loss due to soil evaporation. These regional irrigation techniques use perforated plastic sleeves, porous clay pots, and porous pipelines.
We are outlining the advantages of irrigation for agriculture. Take a look below.
Compared to unirrigated land, irrigated land is more useful. In comparison to rainfed areas, crop yields are higher in moistened regions.
Rainfall that is insufficient, insufficient, or uncertain might disrupt farming. The continuous agricultural business might be obtained with proper watering procedures.
Since moisture is necessary for seed germination, seeds cannot grow in dry soil. The necessary level of soil moisture for seed development can be ensured with an irrigation system.
It is possible to provide the required amount of oxygen and hydrogen by irrigation, which is important for the proper advancement of plant roots.
The irrigation procedure makes it possible to plant a variety of things throughout the year. This will enhance growth and utility. A few crops per year developed in different parts of India thanks to irrigation systems.
The hydrated soil's mineral supplements can be retained by a plant. For the plant to grow, the irrigation system is essential.
Drought and hunger may result from inadequate rainfall. This kind of irrigation might act defensively during the dry season and times of famine.
It is possible to use the irrigation system to put more land under cultivation.
Traditional method | Modern method |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The quality of soils and groundwater should improve as a result of proper irrigation scheduling, which should also result in water savings that increase the availability of water resources and raise yields and incomes.
The development of irrigation scheduling techniques has advanced significantly, and farmers are gradually using irrigation scheduling systems. The method of irrigation scheduling chosen will depend on the farm's level of technology. Farms in the industrial sector and those that grow high-value cash crops are more likely to use and invest in sophisticated scheduling techniques. The level of success in the use of irrigation scheduling technology will depend on the cooperation and support of the expert irrigation adviser.
As per latest 2024 syllabus. Physics formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters
As per latest 2024 syllabus. Chemistry formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters
Accepted by more than 11,000 universities in over 150 countries worldwide
Trusted by 3,500+ universities and colleges globally | Accepted for migration visa applications to AUS, CAN, New Zealand , and the UK
As per latest 2024 syllabus. Study 40% syllabus and score upto 100% marks in JEE
As per latest 2024 syllabus. Maths formulas, equations, & theorems of class 11 & 12th chapters