How Many Chapters are There in Class 12 Biology

Introduction

There are 16 chapters in class 12 biology NCERT books? The NCERT books are created keeping in consideration the syllabus of the higher studies. So all the chapters act as a base for the upcoming studies. There are various subdivisions of biology as well. The chapters are appropriately distributed into these subdivisions. These chapters are useful for both boards as well as the competitive exams.

Chapter 1 - Reproduction in Organisms

Chapter 2 - Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Chapter 3 - Human Reproduction

Chapter 4 - Reproductive Health

Chapter 5 - Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Chapter 6 - Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Chapter 7 - Evolution

Chapter 8 - Human Health and Diseases

Chapter 9 - Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Chapter 10 - Microbes in Human Welfare

Chapter 11 - Biotechnology Principles and Processes

Chapter 12 - Biotechnology and Its Application

Chapter 13 - Organisms and Populations

Chapter 14 - Ecosystem

Chapter 15 - Biodiversity and Conservation

Chapter 16 - Environmental Issues

Reproduction

It can be defined as a biological process in which all types of organisms reproduce their offspring and are similar to them. It ensures the continuity of the species and makes sure that none of the species disappears. Hence, it is also important to maintain the ecological balance of the environment. However, how organisms replicate differs from one to another. This also teaches how to maintain the health of organisms while reproducing. This section has a weightage of around 16 marks.

• Reproduction in organisms

This chapter explains the types of reproduction i.e asexual ( involving a single parent)

and sexual( involving two parents). The process differs with organisms and is explained with the help of different real-life examples.

• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering plants

This chapter explains the shape and structure of various plants. The changes occur in them from pre fertilisation phase to post fertilisation phase. It elaborates on all the topics and details.

• Human Reproduction

This chapter deals with sexual reproduction in human beings. It explains the different organs involved and their functions. This explains the puberty phase in both boys and girls and the changes during puberty including menstruation. Further, it moves to fertilisation of an egg, and embryo development till the birth of a child.

• Reproductive Health

After studying the previous chapter, it becomes important for students to learn about the various safety measures to maintain their health. This states the guidelines of WHO regarding the health of women and children. It also focuses on social topics of Population explosion, health disease, Birth control measures and also medical termination of children.

Genetics and Evolution

Genetics is a branch which deals with the characteristics of organisms being transferred from parent to offspring and how it is affected. Evolution deals with the changes that have occurred over the ages in humans and animals. This section has the highest weightage of around 20 marks.

• Principles of Inheritance and variation

This deals with how the genes are transferred from parent to offspring, and why they replicate each other. It also explains in detail Mendel’s experiment with pea plants his observations and outcomes, the residence of genes and how they determine sex.

• Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

This deals with the presence of DNA and RNA, their detailed Structure and their significance and their replication.

• Evolution

This chapter brings into the picture the history of mankind, its evolution with time, its origin and also, the evidence to prove the changes.

Biology in Human Welfare

This section deals with the current condition of organisms, their needs and how they can be improved. The weightage of the section is around 12 marks.

• Human Health and Disease

This chapter in detail discuss the common and fatal diseases of humans e.g Dengue, Cancer, Malaria etc. This explains their modes of transfer, how to deal with the disease and also, the precautions to avoid them. This also focuses on addictions such as drugs and their after-effects.

• Strategies for Enhancement in Food Reproduction

This states the situation of crops and animal husbandry in the world. The revolutions brought around time and techniques to improve the yield of crops. It also explains the experiments being conducted on cross-breeding, embryo transfer technology and much more.

• Microbes in Human Welfare

Microorganisms are tiny organisms invisible to the naked eye. They played a key role in evolution. Some may be harmful to us and cause diseases while other may be helpful to us.

Biotechnology

It’s a branch which deals with new technological developments and their use for the betterment of biological creatures. The weightage of the section is around 12 marks.

• Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

This chapter deals in detail with genetic engineering, Manufacturing of drugs and antibiotics.

• Biotechnology and its Applications

This tells us about the improvement in human life due to the applications of biotechnology and also, the increase in the quality of food production.

Ecology

deals with the study of organisms, their effects on the environment and the things they are getting affected by. The weightage of the section is around 10 marks.

• Organisms and Populations

This chapter includes various organisms dealing with their favourable environments, and factors affecting them i.e Temperature, region. Their migration and suspension and dealings with the situation.

• Ecosystems

It comprises two factors i.e Biotic (living organisms) and Abiotic ( Non-living organisms) their interaction daily and their after effects. It states how all are interdependent and losses if a single species disappears.

• Biodiversity and Conservation

It deals with the nature around us, how it is getting affected by our presence and what efforts we need to put in to conserve them. Conservation has become the need of the hour as some of the species have already been lost while few are endangered.

• Environmental Issues

Humans long have disrespected nature and are facing environmental issues. These issues, their consequences and the prevention of nature are all discussed in detail.

Tabulated Details

Conclusion

Considering the basics required in different segments of biology the topics have been divided into the 16 chapters.