How Many Cell Organelles are There

Introduction

There are six major cell organelles. Cells are the primary building block of life. The smallest independent component that would be observable if we disassembled an organism at the cellular level is the cell. The fundamental building block of life, cells are in charge of all biological activities.

Because of its capacity for self-replication, a cell is regarded as the foundation of life. Each cell contains fluid called cytoplasm, which is surrounded by a membrane. Numerous substances, including lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, are found in the cytoplasm.

The cell organelles, which are suspended in the cytoplasm, are the cellular structures that are present. Cells can come in a variety of sizes and forms, similar to building blocks.

A tiny biological structure known as an organelle, or "little organ," serves a specific purpose inside a cell. The different essential parts of the cell, such as ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplast, etc., are included in the term "cell organelles and components." Organelles and other parts of the cell are crucial to how it works and functions.

For the cell's betterment, they collaborate and work effectively. While some of them aid in mobility and cell production, others act by providing shape and support.

Both membrane (layer) and non-membrane (non-film) bound organelles, which are found inside the cells and vary in their shapes and functions, are among these cell organelles.

Classification of cell organelles

Based on whether a membrane is present or not, the numerous organelles found within the cell are divided into three categories:

1. Organelles Without Membrane: Non-membrane-bound cell organelles include the cell membrane, ribosomes, and the cytoskeleton. They can be found in eukaryotic cells as well as prokaryotic cells.

2. Single Membrane-Bound Organelles: These include the endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole, lysosome, and golgi bodies, which are only found in eukaryotic cells.

3. Double-membrane organelles: The double layers bound organelles chloroplast, mitochondria, and nucleus are exclusively found in eukaryotic cells.

Organelles of Cells and Their Functions

Plasma Membrane

The cytoplasmic membrane, which is made up of a lipid bilayer and proteins, is another name for the cell wall.

In both plant and animal cells, the plasma membrane serves as a selective membrane that is permeable. This implies that it restricts the materials that can enter and exit the cell to those that are necessary. The cell wall in an animal cell serves as the cell's framework and shield for its internal components.

Cytoplasm

Animal and plant cells both include cytoplasm. They fill the whole space between the cell wall and nucleus and are made up of liquid and jelly-like material. They consist of a mixture of water, organic, and inorganic substances. One of the essential parts of the cell is the cytoplasm. All of the cell organelles are contained within the cytoplasm. These cell organelles are the sites of many chemical events within a cell and include enzymes that are primarily responsible for regulating all metabolic activity occurring within the cell.

Nucleus

A double-membraned organelle found in eukaryotic cells is the nucleus. The nucleus is a sphere with a nuclear membrane covering it, and it is dark in colour. It creates a barrier between the cytoplasm and nucleus and has a morphology similar to a cell membrane. Small, spherical entities are called nucleoli. Chromosomes can also be found in the nucleus, so that's not all.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum may consist of a network of fluid-filled membrane tubes. They are referred to as the cell's transport system and are engaged in moving materials around the cell.

The two different types of endoplasmic reticulum are as follows:

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: These organelles, which are present throughout the cell and are important in protein synthesis, are made up of cisternae, tubules, and vesicles.

• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: is a storage organelle involved in the synthesis of steroids and lipids as well as detoxifying the cell.

Mitochondria

The double-membraned organelles known as mitochondria are found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and are said to be the "Powerhouse of the Cell" because they produce energy by dissolving sugar and carbohydrate molecules.

Plastids

The double-membrane organelles known as plastids are present in the cells of both plants and algae. These plastids are crucial to the production and storage of food. Pigments that are frequently used in the process of photosynthesis make up most plastids. These pigments have the capacity to alter the cell's colour

Ribosomes

Known as macro-molecular factories for the creation of biological proteins, ribosomes are present in practically all living cells. Ribosomes are therefore also referred to as the cell's protein manufacturers. The two parts that make up ribosomes are ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins. All living cells' ribosomes produce proteins as part of their primary role to sustain the survival of the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi body, is an organelle that is present in all eukaryotic cells and is responsible for delivering produced macromolecules to various cell regions.

Microbodies

Microbodies are tiny, vesicular organelles that are membrane-bound and can be found in both plant and animal cells. They can only be seen under a microscope and contain a variety of enzymes and proteins.

Cytoskeleton

From the nucleus to the cell wall, it is an unending network of filamentous proteinaceous structures that make up the cytoplasm. It is present in all living cells, particularly eukaryotes. The network of proteins that make up the cytoskeleton can quickly divide or disassemble depending on the needs of the cells. One of the crucial functions is to give the cell shape and mechanical protection against deformities. The contractile concept of the fibres also aids in mobility during cytokinesis.

Cilia and Flagella

• Small, hair-like appendages called cilia are found outside of cell membranes and act as oars to propel the cell or the ECF.

• The slightly bigger flagella are in charge of cell movement.

• The cilium and flagellum's centre region, known as the axoneme, has nine sets of steadily arranged peripheral microtubules and a group of central microtubules that run parallel to the axis.

• Consequently, there is a full set of nine radial spokes. The basal bodies, which resemble centrioles, are where the cilia and flagella emerge.

Centrosome and Centrioles

• The centrosome organelle is made up of two centrioles, which are often in opposition to one another.

• There are 9 peripheral tubulin protein fibrils that are evenly spaced apart on each centriole, each fibril might actually be a group of intertwined triplets.

• The proteinaceous core, a component of the centriole, is referred to as a hub.

• The hub's radial spoke, which is made of proteins, joins the peripheral fibrils.

• During cellular division, the centrioles from the basal bodies of the cilia and flagella create spindle fibres.

Vacuoles

• Vacuoles are often thought of as erratic-shaped storage bubbles that are present in cells. They are film-covered organelles that are filled with liquid.

• The food or variety of nutrients that a cell could require to thrive are kept in the vacuole. Additionally, it keeps trash in storage.

• vacuoles dispose of the byproducts. The remaining portion of the cell is thereby protected against contamination.

• Vacuoles in plant and animal cells differ in size and quantity. Plant cells contain larger vacuoles than animal cells.

The Golgi Apparatus

Similar to a post office, it is in charge of sorting, altering, and sending off the cellular products that emerge from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The Golgi apparatus resembles stacks of discs that have been flattened; it almost looks like a stack of irregularly shaped pancakes. Each of the two separate sides of the Golgi apparatus plays a distinctive purpose.

Lysosomes

The lysosome is an organelle that houses enzymes that digest and break down non-essential cellular components, like a damaged organelle. Digestive enzymes are examples of protein molecules packaged by the Golgi that are intended to remain inside the cell to break down certain substrates. The Golgi releases the enzyme-containing vesicles, which may separate to form new lysosomes or join together to form already-existing lysosomes.

Conclusion

The body has mainly 14 cell organelles that work together in carrying out the functionalities of the body thereby making it precise and specific. The body can be considered as a complex machinery involving sophisticated parts that carry out different functions for the body. No organelle can perform the function of the other and no function is complete without the involvement of the other.