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Haloalkanes Haloarenes - Meaning, Classification, Properties, FAQs

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Haloalkanes Haloarenes - Meaning, Classification, Properties, FAQs

Edited By Team Careers360 | Updated on Jun 17, 2022 02:34 PM IST

Halogen Containing Organic Compounds:

Halogen atom containing the organic compound which is used as the solvent specially for the relatively non-polar compound. These are also used as initiating material for synthesis of wide range of organic compound. If the halogen atom derivative that is chemistry haloalkanes and haloarenes are also commercially important as dry-cleaning agents, refrigerants, drugs, and the alkyl halide are used in insecticides.

Haloalkanes

Classification of haloalkanes:

Diagram Description automatically generated

Haloalkanes and haloarenes Flow Chart

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Monohalogen derivatives: When two or more than two hydrogen atoms of aliphatic hydrocarbon which are being replaced by the corresponding number of the halo alkane atom for haloalkanes examples chlorine, bromine, or iodine, thus the resulting compounds are known as halogen derivatives of alkanes or haloalkanes. Monohalogen derivatives can be seen in both haloalkanes and haloarenes. These are represented as R-X, where R is Alkyl group and X=Br, Cl, I. The general formula for monohalogen derivatives is (CnH2n+1 X).

R-H+X2→R-X+HX where R-H is Aliphatic Hydrocarbon and R-X is Alkyl Halide.

For haloalkanes examples: CH3+Cl2→CH3Cl+HCl. All the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are called alkanes (CnH2n+2). Also, the halogen atoms contain halogen atoms which are attached to the sp3 hybridized carbon atoms.

  1. Primary Alkyl Halide: Alkyl halide which have halogen atom bonded with primary carbon atom are known as primary alkyl halide. The general formula is given by R-CH2-X.

  2. Secondary Alkyl Halide: Alkyl halide which have halogen atom bonded with secondary carbon atom are known as secondary alkyl halide. The general formula is given by R-(R')CH-X.

  3. Tertiary Alkyl Halide: Alkyl halide which have halogen bonded with primary carbon atom are known as primary alkyl halide. The general formula is given by R-(R')C(R")-X.

  • Polyhalogen derivatives: Similarly, when more than one atom of hydrogen of alkanes are substituted by the other corresponding number of halogen atom the following compound is called as polyhalogen derivatives of alkanes. Similarly, Polyhalogen derivatives can be seen in both haloalkanes and haloarenes. Further on basis of number of halogen present in molecule are classified as follow as:

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  1. Dihalogen derivatives: Two hydrogen atoms of alkane which is substituted by the two halogens which forms the following compound, and it is called as Dihalogen derivatives of alkane. The general formula is given by CnH2nX2. Dihalogen derivatives are further classified into:

  2. Vicinal Dihalides: Two halogen atoms which are present on adjacent carbon atom. E.g., Ethylene dichloride.

  3. Geminal Dihalides: Two halogen atoms which are present on same carbon atom. E.g., Ethylidene dichloride.

  4. Trihalogen derivatives: When three hydrogen of alkane which is substituted by the other three halogen atom following compound is known as the Trihalogen derivatives of the alkane. The general formula is given by CnH2n-1 X3.

  5. Tetrahalogen derivatives: When four hydrogen of alkane which is substituted by other four halogen atom following compound is known as the Tetrahalogen derivatives of alkane. The general formula is given by CnH2n-2X4.

Halogenation of Alkanes: Replacement of one or more than hydrogen of alkanes by halogen for haloalkanes examples Chlorination, Bromination, Iodination of alkanes. Halogenation reaction is chain reaction which proceeds by the formation of free radical. Also, the halogenation reaction is for both haloalkanes and haloarenes.

This halogenation continues till every hydrogen in alkane is replaced by halogen.

  1. Chlorination: When alkanes are heated with chlorine in the presence of UV light or at high temperature so that it forms alkyl chlorides. Generally, chlorination is given by

R-H+Cl2+UV Light UV Light→R-Cl+HCl

  1. Bromination: When alkanes are heated with bromine in the presence of aluminium tribromide (anhy. AlBr3) with corresponding formation of alkyl bromide. Bromination is given by

R-H+Br2+anhy. AlBr2anhy. AlBr2→R-Br+HBr

  1. Iodination: When alkane is treated with iodine the following product formed is alkyl iodide. However, Hydroiodic acid is more stronger reducing agent which also reduces alkyl iodide back to alkane by making iodination reaction a reversible reaction. The reaction here needs to be processed out in presence of oxidizing agent haloalkanes examples mercuric acid, Iodic acid, dil. Nitric acid, etc. This oxidizing agent prevents backward reaction by decomposing the hydroiodic acid (HI) formed. The general representation is given by

R-H+I2→R-I+HI

Markownikoff’s Rule: When unsymmetrical haloalkenes are treated with unsymmetrical reagent which is HX then the negative part of reagent is (-X) which get added to the unsaturated carbon of double bond this contain less number of hydrogen. The general formula is given by

R-CH-CH2Unsymmetrical alkene+HXHalogen Acid→RCHXCH3Major Product (2-Haloalkane)

Anti-Markownikoff’s Rule: When unsymmetrical haloalkenes are treated with unsymmetrical reagent which is HX in the presence of peroxide (Na2O2) then the negative part of reagent is (-X) which get added to the unsaturated carbon of double bond this contain more number of hydrogen. The general formula is given by

R-CH=CH2Unsymmeterical Alkene+HBrUnsymmetrical ReagentPeroxide→RCH2CH2BrMajor Product (1-Bromoalkane)

The most important thing is that peroxide effect is shown only and only by the HBr meanwhile HCl and HI always is added according to Markownikoff’s rule.

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Halogen Reactions:

Finkelstein Reaction: The Finkelstein reaction is used for preparation of alkyl iodide. Alkyl bromide/chloride are heated with sodium iodide solution in Acetone(dry) and forms alkyl iodide. NaCl and NaBr are way lesser soluble in Acetone(dry) and it gets precipitated further these precipitates is removed by the filtration process along with the backward reaction is prevented.

R-XAlkyl halide+NaISodium IodideDry acetone→RIAlkyl Iodide+NaXSodium Halide

Swarts Reaction: Similarly, the alkyl fluorides which can prepare by the Swarts reaction method by the reaction of Mercurous fluoride, Silver fluoride, Cobalt fluoride, or Antimony fluoride on alkyl chloride/bromide.

2R-XAlkyl Halide+Hg2F2Mercurous Fluoride2RFAlkyl Fluoride (Fluoroalkane) +Hg2X2

Substitution Reaction: When an atom or group of atoms are substituted or replaced from substrate the number of another atoms or groups are known as substitution reaction.

R-XAlkyl Halide+Y-NucleophileR-YSubstituted Alkane+X-Halide Ion

Where Y- is nucleophile like OH-, CN-, NH2-, R-O-, RCOO-, I-, etc.

Elimination Reaction: A reaction in which two atoms are removed from the adjacent carbon atom in a molecule which forms an unsaturated compound which is known an elimination reaction.

Williamson’s synthesis of Ethers: Alkyl halide is heated with the alkali alkoxide to give respective ether. In this reaction, halide group undergoes substitution with an alkoxy group (-O-R'). For example, sodium alkoxide can be prepared by action of sodium metal on alcohol.

R-XAlkyl Halide+NaOR'Sodium AlkoxideHeat→R-O-Rether'+NaX

Physical Properties and Chemical Properties of Haloalkanes:

  1. The lower elements are gases at the room temperature and the higher elements are solids or liquids.

  2. The more volatile halogen compound is more sweet smell it has.

  3. The boiling point of the Alkyl halide is always greater than respective hydrocarbons.

  4. Since the polarity of Carbon-halogen bond along with dipole-dipole-London force and Van der Waal’s between the molecules of haloalkanes are stronger thus there is increase in boiling point.

Haloarenes

Haloarenes definition:

What is Haloarenes?

When one or more than one hydrogen atoms of an aromatic hydrocarbon is substituted by the respective number of halogen atom and the major product form from the reaction is called as haloarenes. The general formula for haloarenes meaning is given by Ar-X, where Ar is aryl group and X is halogen i.e., F, Br, Cl, I. Aromatic hydrocarbons are known as arenes. Also, Haloarenes contain halo alkane atoms attached to sp2 hybridized carbon atom.

Classification of Halogen derivatives:

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes flow chart

haloalkanes and haloarenes flow chart

Monohaloarenes: When one hydrogen atom of arene is replaced by one halogen the following compound formed is known as monohaloarenes. Example: Chlorobenzene, Bromobenzene.

  1. Dihaloarenes: When two hydrogen atoms of arene is replaced by two halogen the following compound formed is known as Dihaloarenes. Example: 1,2-Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-Dibromobenzene.

  2. Polyhaloarenes: When two or more hydrogen atom of arene is replaced by same number of halogens, the following compound formed is known as Polyhaloarenes. Example: 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene (Trihaloarene), 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene (Tetrahaloarene).

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Nomenclature of Haloarenes:

  1. Aryl halides are named by prefixing the 'halo' to name of parent aromatic hydrocarbon.

  2. For Dihalogen derivative, the prefixes o-, m-, p- are used in common system but in IUPAC system, numerical prefix (1, 2) (1, 3) and (1, 4) are respectively used.

  3. In case, parent aromatic hydrocarbon carries a side chain or substituent, then numbering of carbon atoms begins with carbon atom attached to halo atom.

  4. However, polyhalogen derivatives do not have common names (Except three groups in symmetrical position, then suffix `sym' is used) but only have IUPAC names in which positions of halogens are indicated by Arabic numerals.

Nature of Carbon-Halogen bond in Haloarenes:

In haloarenes, lone pairs of electrons on the halogen atom is in conjugation with the electrons of benzene ring. In case of chlorobenzene, lone pair of electrons from chlorine atom as well as six electrons from carbon atoms of ring are thereby associated to all seven atoms (six carbon atoms and one halogen atom). The delocalization of electrons gives the double bond character to the C—X bond.

Polyhalogen Compounds: Carbon compound which have more than one halogen atom it is known as polyhalogen compounds. Some of the Haloarenes example: p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT); Freons (CCl2F2); Iodoform (CHI3); Tetrachloromethane CCl4; Trichloromethane (CHCl3); Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2).

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NCERT Chemistry Notes:

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

1. Why haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes?

Haloarenes is less reactive than haloalkanes due to haloarenes electron pair on halogen atom is in conjugation with pi electron of ring. Since the bond cleavage in the haloarenes is difficult than haloalkanes. Since resonance carbon-halogen in aryl halide because it possesses double bond character. Thus, haloalkanes are more reactive than haloarenes.

2. Haloalkanes easily dissolve in organic solvents why?

Alkyl halides are soluble in water and due to intermolecular forces of the attraction moreover, they are soluble in organic solvents too.

3. What are haloalkanes and haloarenes?

Haloalkane Definition: Haloalkanes is called as alkyl halide, which is group of chemical compounds compromising of alkane with more than one hydrogen replaced by halogen atoms.

4. State applications of halogen?

Halogen containing organic elements/compounds which is used as a solvent for non-polar. Alkyl halide is used in insecticides, and it contribute to human health sectors too.

5. List the reagents which can be used for preparation alkyl halide from alcohols.

Alkyl halide can be prepare using alcohol by replacing hydroxyl group of alcohol with halogen atom group.

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A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

2 Jobs Available
Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software. 

2 Jobs Available
Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

2 Jobs Available
QA Manager
4 Jobs Available
AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

4 Jobs Available
Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

4 Jobs Available
Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

3 Jobs Available
Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

3 Jobs Available
Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

3 Jobs Available
ITSM Manager
3 Jobs Available
Automation Test Engineer

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process. 

2 Jobs Available
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