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    Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation States of Elements - Definition, Examples, Types, FAQs

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    Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation States of Elements - Definition, Examples, Types, FAQs

    Edited By Team Careers360 | Updated on Jul 06, 2022 03:45 PM IST

    Valency Definition: The valencies of all 118 elements of an atom refers to the number of electrons it gains or losses to complete its outermost shell. By completing their outer shell, or octet, atoms become more stable (8 electrons in the outermost shell). As a result, periodicity of valence or oxidation states of elements interacts with other atoms or participate in chemical reactions in which they can give or lose electrons to other atoms or take or acquire electrons from other atoms to develop a stable state.

    As a result, they tend to interact with other atoms or participate in chemical reactions in which they give or lose electrons to other atoms or accept or gain electrons from other atoms to complete their octet and establish a stable state. So, the reason for bond formation or a chemical reaction between atoms is that atoms are always fighting to establish a stable state by clinging to each other. When an atom has one shell, for example, the stable state is obtained when it possesses two electrons. When an atom has two or more shells or orbits, the stable state is reached when the outermost shell possesses eight electrons. Hydrogen, for example, contains only one electron in the outermost or valence shell of its atom.

    To complete electrons in its outermost orbit, it must add one more electron to its outermost shell or orbit. Similarly, the question arises what the valency of oxygen electronic arrangement of oxygen valence electrons is 2, 6. In its outermost shell or orbit, it has 6 electrons. As a result, it will require two additional electrons to complete the octet. Magnesium, with an atomic number of 12, has an electrical configuration of 2, 8, 2. To complete the octet, it will require 6 electrons. However, giving Mg 6 electrons is a difficult task for an atom. As a result, Magnesium's octet will be completed by donating or giving its two valence electrons to atoms of other elements.

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    Valency Concept:

    Noble gases are the least reactive because their periodicity of valence or oxidation states of elements shell is totally filled. The capacity of other elements to achieve the noble gas configuration determines their reactivity. For example: neon (Outermost shell is totally filled).

    Electron_shell_010_Neon

    What are valence electrons, and what do they do?

    The valence electrons are the total number of electrons present in an atom's outermost orbit or energy shell. Magnesium's electrical configuration, for example, is 2, 8, 2. It means that the K orbit contains two electrons, the L orbit has eight, and the M orbit has two. In Magnesium's outermost orbit, there are two electrons. As a result, it contains two valence electrons.

    How do you determine an element's valency?

    The loss or gain of electrons relates to valency, which is distinct from the total amount of electrons in an atom. Since, Sodium valency has an atomic number of 11, it contains 11 electrons but a valency of 1. It is easier for it to lose 1 electron than to add 7 electrons to reach stability of periodicity of valence or oxidation states of elements of complete its octet since its electronic distribution is (2, 8, 1).

    As a result, its valency is 1. Similarly, the valency of oxygen and calcium valency with atomic number 8 and electronic configuration (2, 6) is 2 since gaining two electrons to complete its octet is easy for it. On the other hand, atoms having the electrical configuration (2, 7) tend to gain one electron rather than lose all their seven electrons since gaining one electron is easier than losing seven. As a result, its valency is 1.

    There are also elements in the periodicity of valence or oxidation states of elements with zero valency, such as noble gases like helium (He), neon (Ne), and argon (Ar), because their outermost shell has 8 electrons, and their octet is complete. As a result, they do not react with other atoms or elements, or they are believed to be the least reactive, and they are therefore referred to as inert gases.

    Furthermore, valency affects the charge on an atom when it forms an ion after losing or acquiring electrons. The charge on a sodium ion, for example, is -1 because it loses one electron in a process to achieve a perfect electronic configuration (2, 8) or a filled outermost shell or orbit. Similarly, when Magnesium loses two electrons, the charge of the ion is +2 (Mg2+). Because of its electrical structure (2, 8, 2), it has a tendency to lose two electrons.

    NCERT Chemistry Notes:

    Oxidation Number vs Valency

    Both oxidation number and valency are expressions that refer to an atom's valence electrons. The main difference between the valency along with oxidation number is valence which in reference to the max-to-max number of electron which an atom can lose/gain/share fulfil the stability, meanwhile oxidation number is maximum number of electron which an atom can lose/gain for formation of the bond with another atom. The elements with valency 1 are diatomic molecules.

    Types of Valency

    Atoms unite to complete their octet, resulting in the production of compounds that can be either ionic or covalent. As a result, there are two forms of valency of all elements, as stated below.

    Electrovalence

    Electrovalence is a property of atoms that produce ionic or electrovalent compounds. The number of electrons lost or gained by an atom to establish a stable state or complete its octet is referred to as electrovalence. Positive ions (cations) are formed when an atom loses electrons, and their valency is called positive electrovalence. Negative ions (anions) are formed when atoms gain electrons, and their valency is called negative electrovalence.

    So, electrovalence refers to the valency of ionic (electrovalent) compounds or electrovalent compounds that are generated when metals and non-metals come together. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is a non-metal with a metal component. The transfer of electrons from Sodium to Chlorine forms the chemical link between the atoms of sodium and chlorine in the Sodium Chloride molecule. Chlorine gains one electron whereas sodium loses one. As illustrated below, the electrovalence of sodium and chlorine is 1 because Na loses one electron and Cl gains one.

    Na++Cl-→NaCl

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    Covalency

    Covalency Definition: The number of electrons shared by atoms or elements during the formation of a covalent molecule is referred to as the number of electrons shared by the atoms or elements. The chemical link between non-metals is established in covalent compounds for periodicity of valence or oxidation states of elements. Covalent compounds are formed when atoms of one non-metal unite with atoms of other non-metals to create molecules. The atoms do neither gain nor lose electrons in this situation; instead, they share electrons. In Methane (CH4), for example, one carbon atom, which requires four electrons to complete its octet, unites with four hydrogen atoms, each of which requires one electron to complete the two electrons necessary in its initial orbit.

    The Value of the First 30 Elements

    Consider the valency chart or valency of the first 30 elements in the periodic table with valency.

    VALENCY TABLE

    ELEMENT NAME

    VALENCY OF ELEMENTS

    ELEMENT’S ATOMIC NUMBER

    VALENCY OF HYDROGEN

    1

    1

    VALENCY OF HELIUM

    0

    2

    VALENCY OF LITHIUM

    1

    3

    VALENCY OF BERRYLLIUM

    2

    4

    VALENCY OF BORON

    3

    5

    VALENCY OF CARBON

    4

    6

    VALENCY OF NITROGEN

    3

    7

    VALENCY OF OXYGEN

    2

    8

    VALENCY OF FLORINE

    1

    9

    VALENCY OF NEON

    0

    10

    VALENCY OF SODIUM

    1

    11

    VALENCY OF MAGNESIUM

    2

    12

    VALENCY OF ALUMINIUM

    3

    13

    VALENCY OF SILICON

    4

    14

    VALENCY OF PHOSPHOROUS

    3

    15

    VALENCY OF SULPHUR

    2

    16

    VALENCY OF CHLORINE

    1

    17

    VALENCY OF ARGON

    0

    18

    VALENCY OF POTASSIUM

    1

    19

    VALENCY OF CALCIUM

    2

    20

    VALENCY OF SCANDIUM

    3

    21

    VALENCY OF TITANIUM

    4

    22

    VALENCY OF VANADIUM

    5,4

    23

    VALENCY OF CHROMIUM

    2

    24

    VALENCY OF MANGANESE

    7,4,2

    25

    VALENCY OF IRON

    2,3

    26

    VALENCY OF COBALT

    3,2

    27

    VALENCY OF NICKEL

    2

    28

    VALENCY OF COOPER

    2,1

    29

    VALENCY OF ZINC

    2

    30

    The valency of first 20 elements is given in above table.

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    Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

    1. What is variable valency, and how does it work?

    Variable valency is a term used to describe items that display many types of valency. In different compounds, these elements have varying valences. Transition elements such as iron valency, mercury, and copper, for example, have different valences. In FeSO4, iron valency of 2, whereas in FeCl3, it has a valency of 3. Copper is divided into two valences: 1 and 2. Mercury has two different valences (1 and 2) as well.

    2. Is it possible for Valency to be negative?

    Atom charge is the loss or gain of an electron. Positive charge is obtained by donating an electron, while negative charge is obtained by receiving an electron. Charge has both positive and negative signals, whereas valency has no sign.

    3. What is the valency of copper?

    The valency of copper (Cu) is 2,1.

    4. What is the valency of Manganese?

    The valency of Manganese is 7,4,2.

    5. Write the valency of mercury, nickel, and cobalt.

    Valency of mercury = 1.

    Valency of nickel = 3,2.

    Valency of cobalt = 2.

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    Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French, German, Italian

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    Production Manager

    Production Manager Job Description: A Production Manager is responsible for ensuring smooth running of manufacturing processes in an efficient manner. He or she plans and organises production schedules. The role of Production Manager involves estimation, negotiation on budget and timescales with the clients and managers. 

    Resource Links for Online MBA 

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    Product Manager

    A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

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    Quality Controller

    A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

    A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

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    Production Engineer

    A career as Production Engineer is crucial in the manufacturing industry. He or she ensures the functionality of production equipment and machinery to improve productivity and minimize production costs in order to drive revenues and increase profitability. 

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    Automation Test Engineer

    An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process. 

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    Product Designer

    Individuals who opt for a career as product designers are responsible for designing the components and overall product concerning its shape, size, and material used in manufacturing. They are responsible for the aesthetic appearance of the product. A product designer uses his or her creative skills to give a product its final outlook and ensures the functionality of the design. 

    Students can opt for various product design degrees such as B.Des and M.Des to become product designers. Industrial product designer prepares 3D models of designs for approval and discusses them with clients and other colleagues. Individuals who opt for a career as a product designer estimate the total cost involved in designing.

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    R&D Personnel

    A career as R&D Personnel requires researching, planning, and implementing new programs and protocols into their organization and overseeing new products’ development. He or she uses his or her creative abilities to improve the existing products as per the requirements of the target market.

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    Commercial Manager

    A Commercial Manager negotiates, advises and secures information about pricing for commercial contracts. He or she is responsible for developing financial plans in order to maximise the business's profitability.

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    Product Manager

    A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

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    ITSM Manager

    ITSM Manager is a professional responsible for heading the ITSM (Information Technology Service Management) or (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) processes. He or she ensures that operation management provides appropriate resource levels for problem resolutions. The ITSM Manager oversees the level of prioritisation for the problems, critical incidents, planned as well as proactive tasks. 

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    Information Security Manager

    Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

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    Computer Programmer

    Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

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    Computer System Analyst

    Individuals in the computer systems analyst career path study the hardware and applications that are part of an organization's computer systems, as well as how they are used. They collaborate closely with managers and end-users to identify system specifications and business priorities, as well as to assess the efficiency of computer systems and create techniques to boost IT efficiency. Individuals who opt for a career as a computer system analyst support the implementation, modification, and debugging of new systems after they have been installed.

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    Test Manager

    A Test Manager is a professional responsible for planning, coordinating and controlling test activities. He or she develops test processes and strategies to analyse and determine test methods and tools for test activities. The test manager jobs involve documenting tests that have been carried out, analysing and evaluating software quality to determine further recommended procedures. 

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    Azure Developer

    A career as Azure Developer comes with the responsibility of designing and developing cloud-based applications and maintaining software components. He or she possesses an in-depth knowledge of cloud computing and Azure app service. 

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    Deep Learning Engineer

    A Deep Learning Engineer is an IT professional who is responsible for developing and managing data pipelines. He or she is knowledgeable about analyzing and storing data collected from various sources.  A Career as a Deep Learning Engineer needs to help the  data scientists and analysts to create effective data sets.

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