How Many Types of Hybridisation

Introduction

The concept of combining two atomic orbitals to create a new class of hybridised orbitals is known as hybridisation. This mixing typically produces hybrid orbitals with completely different energies, shapes, etc. hybridisation primarily involves atomic orbitals at the same energy level. However, if an orbital has equal energy, it can participate in this process, as can an orbital that is partially filled.

What is Hybridisation?

In molecular bonding, the fusion of atomic orbitals results in the creation of hybrid orbitals. This process redistributes the energy of the individual atomic orbitals to produce orbitals of equal energy. The mix of atomic orbitals typically involves the merging of two s orbitals, two p orbitals, or a combination of s and p orbitals, or s and d orbitals. The resulting hybrid orbitals play a crucial role in describing the properties of atomic bonds and the geometry of molecules.

Key Features of Hybridisation

• Atomic orbitals with comparable energies are hybridising.

• When atomic orbitals are mixed, an equal number of hybrid orbitals are created.

• Not all orbitals with half of their volume filled are required to participate in hybridisation. It is also possible to participate in orbitals with full fuel and slightly different energies.

• In a single gaseous atom, hybridisation does not take place; it only occurs during the formation of bonds.

• In a hybrid orbital, the larger lobe is always positive and the smaller lobe on the other side is always negative.

Types of Hybridisation

• sp hybridisation

• sp2 hybridisation

• sp3 hybridisation

• sp3d hybridisation

• sp3d2 hybridisation

• sp3d3 hybridisation

sp Hybridisation

• When s and p orbitals in the shell combine to form two new equivalent orbitals, this process is known as sp hybridisation. The newly created orbitals are referred to as sp hybridised orbitals. It produces 180°-angled linear molecules.

• Equal energy of 's' and 'p' orbital are mixed in this type of hybridisation to create a new hybrid orbital known as an 'sp hybridised orbital.

• A different name for sp hybridisation is diagonal hybridisation.

• Every sp hybridised orbital contains 50% s and 50% p characters, making up the total amount of s and p characters in each orbital.

sp2 Hybridisation

• One s and two p orbitals from the same atom's shell combine to form three equivalent orbitals, which is known as sp2 hybridisation. The newly created orbitals are known as sp2 hybrid orbitals.

• Trigonal hybridisation is also known as sp2 hybridisation.

• One s orbital and two p orbitals of equal energy are combined to form the new hybrid orbital known as sp2.

• The three hybrid orbitals remain in the same plane and are at a 120° angle to one another.

• A 33.33% 's' character and a 66.66% 'p' character are present in each hybrid orbital that was created.

sp3 Hybridisation

• sp3 is a type of hybridisation that occurs when one 's' orbital and three 'p' orbitals from the same atom's shell combine to form four new equivalent orbitals. sp3 hybrid orbitals are the new orbitals that have formed.

• The sp3 hybrid orbitals have a 109.2° angle

• Each sp3 hybrid orbital has 25% s character and 75% p character.

• Examples are ethane and methane.

sp3d Hybridisation

• In sp3d hybridisation, 1s, 3p, and 1d orbitals are mixed to create 5 sp3d hybridised orbitals with equal energy.

• The Shape is trigonal bipyramidal.

• The angle formed 120° degree.

• Example is phosphorous penta chloride.

sp3d2 Hybridisation

• 1s, 3p, and 2d orbitals in hybridisation are mixed together to create sp3d2 hybrid orbitals.

• It forms an octahedral shape which has six faces.

• The angle between them is 90°

Conclusion

The combination of two different standard atomic orbitals to create a new atomic orbital is what is known as a hybrid orbital. The hybrid orbitals formed during hybridisation differ from the regular atomic orbitals in terms of their geometry and energies. Additionally, the orbital overlap reduces the molecule's energy. Degenerate hybrid orbitals that were created from regular atomic orbitals include:

• 1s and 1p: sp orbitals

• 1s and 2p: sp2 orbitals

• 1s and 3p: sp3 orbitals

• 1s, 3p, and 1d: sp3d orbitals

1s, 3p, and 2d: sp3d2 orbitals