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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements - Students appearing in Class 12 board exams must refer to this NCERT Chemistry Class 12 chapter 6 to score well in the examination. To develop a grip on every topic you must solve topic wise questions and exercise questions of NCERT book Cass 12 Chemistry chapter 6. The NCERT solutions for Class 12 Chemistry chapter 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements are prepared by subject experts to help students in clarifying their doubts.
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Solutions to In Text Questions Ex 6.1 to 6.4
Question 6.1 Which of the ores mentioned in Table 6.1 can be concentrated by magnetic separation method?
Table 6.1: Principle Ores of some Important Metals
Metal | Ores | Composition |
Aluminium | Bauxite Kaolinite(a form of clay) | AlO x (OH) 3-2x [Where 0<x<1] [Al 2 (OH) 4 Si 2 O 5 ] |
Iron | Haemtite Magnetite Siderite Iron pyrites | Fe 2 O 3 Fe 3 O 4 FeCO 3 FeS 2 |
Copper | Copper pyrites Melachite Cuprite Copper glance | CuFeS 2 CuCO 3 .Cu(OH) 2 Cu 2 O Cu 2 S |
Zinc | Zinc blande or Sphalerite Calamine Zincite | ZnS ZnCO 3 ZnO |
Answer :
Ores which contains some magnetic particles or they can attract by the magnetic field only they can be concentrated by magnetic separation method. Among the ores mentioned in table 6.1, the ores of iron such as haematite , magnetite , siderite , and iron pyrites can be separated by the process of magnetic separation
Question 6.2 What is the significance of leaching in the extraction of aluminium?
Answer :
In the extraction of aluminium, the significance of leaching is to concentrate the pure alumina ( ) from bauxite ore.
Impurities are then filtered and the solution is neutralized by carbon dioxide gas
(hydrated alumina)
Answer :
This reaction is thermodynamically feasible, but it does not take place in room temperature because at room temperature all the reactants are solids. At high temperature, the chromiums start melting and the reaction becomes faster.
Question 6.4 Is it true that under certain conditions, Mg can reduce Al2O3 and Al can reduce MgO? What are those conditions ?
Answer :
Yes, temperature below 1623K, Mg can reduce to Al and temperature above 1623K Aluminium can reduce to
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6 General Principles and Processes of Ssolation of Elements- Exercise Questions
Question 6.1 Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not zinc. Explain.
Answer :
Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not zinc because the reduction potential of zinc is lower than that of copper. So, that copper can be reduced from its solution by zinc.
But to reduce zinc from its solution we need higher reactive metal, which reduction potential is lower than zinc like But these metals readily react with water with the evolution of gas. As a result, these metals are cannot use to displace zinc ion from its solution.
Question 6.2 What is the role of depressant in froth floatation process?
Answer :
Role of depressant in froth flotation method is to separate two sulphid ores by adjusting one ore to form froth. For example- is used as a depressant it selectively prevents to coming to the froth but allows PbS with the froth. NaCN react with to form
Reaction-
Question 6.3 Why is the extraction of copper from pyrites more difficult than that from its oxide ore through reduction?
Answer :
Gibbs free energy of formation of is less than that of and so that hydrogen and carbon are unable to reduce
. But the Gibbs free energy of formation of is higher than that of CO. So, that carbon can able to reduce
. Therefore the extraction of copper from its pyrite ore is more difficult than its oxide ore through reduction.
Question 6.4 Explain: (i) Zone refining
Answer :
ZONE REFINING- This method is based on that the impurities are more soluble in the molten state than n the solid state. In this process, a circular mobile heater surrounding the rod of impure metal is fixed at one end. Move the heater from one end to another end so that the impurities present in the rod also moves to the other end of the rod. Repeat the process several times again and again. Impurities get concentrated at separate ends of the rod. This end is cut off.
Question 6.4 Explain: (ii)Column chromatography.
Answer :
Column chromatography-
The principle of chromatography is based on, the different component of the mixture is getting adsorbed to a different extent on an adsorbent. In this, there are two phases one is mobile and the other is immobile phase. In column chromatography, column is generally used as a stationary phase. The mobile phase is may be a gas or liquid. The mobile phase is forced to move over the stationary phase. The adsorbed component is removed with the help of a suitable solvent.
Question 6.5 Out of C and CO, which is a better reducing agent at 673 K ?
Answer :
At 673K for change of is less than of . Therefore CO can easily oxidized to than C to CO.
Hence CO is better reducing agent than C at 673K.
Question 6.6 Name the common elements present in the anode mud in electrolytic refining of copper. Why are they so present?
Answer :
The following elements present in the anode mud in electrolytic refining of copper are selenium, silver, tellurium, gold, platinum and antimony. They are present because they are very less reactive and are not affected by the purification process. So, therefore they settle down below as anode mud.
Question 6.7 Write down the reactions taking place in different zones in the blast furnace during the extraction of iron.
Answer :
At 500-800K
limestone also decomposes to calcium oxide which reverses silicate impurity of the ore as slag
At 900-1500K
Question 6.8 Write chemical reactions taking place in the extraction of zinc from zinc blende.
Answer :
Chemical reactions in the extraction of zinc from zinc blende -
After concentration of ore (removal of gauge from zinc blend ( ) by froth floatation method).
Conversion to the oxide b y the roasting method -
Extraction of zinc from zinc oxide (by reduction)
Electrolytic refining of impure zinc (electrolyte used is acidified zinc sulphate )
Anode-
Cathode (made of the pure copper strip)-
Question 6.9 State the role of silica in the metallurgy of copper.
Answer :
The role of silica in metallurgy of copper is to remove the (iron oxide) produced during roasting as slag. If the sulphide ore contains iron, it mixed with silica ( ) as flux before heating. combines with silica and produce iron silicate ( )
Question 6.10 Which method of refining may be more suitable if element is obtained in minute quantity?
Answer :
Chromatographic method of refining is particularly suitable if the element is obtained in minute quantity.
Answer :
Zone refining is the method for an element in which impurities present have chemical properties close to the properties of those elements.
Question 6.12 Describe a method for refining nickel.
Answer :
Nickel is refined by Mond's Process, in which Nickel is heated in steam in presence of Carbon monoxide ( ) to form nickel carbonyl complex . The complex is volatile in nature.
This complex is decomposed at high temperature to get a pure nickel.
Question 6.13 How can you separate alumina from silica in a bauxite ore associated with silica? Give equations, if any.
Answer :
The separation of alumina carried out in the following steps-
Question 6.14 Giving examples, differentiate between ‘roasting’ and ‘calcination’.
Answer :
Roasting- The process of converting sulphide ore to oxide. In this process, the ore is heated in the furnace with a regular supply of air, below its melting temperature: example- sulphide ore of zinc, lead, and copper.
Calcination- Process of converting hydroxide and carbonate ore to oxide in a limited supply of air. The temperature should be below the metals melting point in this process volatile matter which escapes, leaving behind the metal oxide.
Question 6.15 How is ‘cast iron’ different from ‘pig iron”?
Answer :
The iron that obtains from the blast furnace is pig iron . it contains 4% carbon and many impurities like .
Cast iron is obtained from pig iron by melting pig iron with scrap iron and coke using hot air blast. It contains slightly less carbon content around 3% and it is hard an brittle.
Question 6.16 Differentiate between “minerals” and “ores”.
Answer :
Minerals are the naturally occurring substance which contains some amount of metals. They are found in the earth crust and obtained by mining.
Ores are the specific minerals in which metals are economically extracted. It has a definite composition. Each and every ore is a mineral but not every mineral is ore.
Question 6.17 Why copper matte is put in silica lined converter?
Answer :
The copper matte composed of and . It is put in a silica-lined converter to remove the remaining ferrous oxide ( ) and ferrous sulphide ( ) present in copper matte as slag ( )
Some silica is also added and hot air blast is blown to convert the remaining to the metallic copper.
Question 6.18 What is the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of aluminium?
Answer :
The main purpose of adding cryolite in metallurgy of aluminium is-
Question 6.19 How is leaching carried out in case of low grade copper ores?
Answer :
In case of low-grade ores, copper is extracted by hydrometallurgy. Leaching is done with the help of acid or bacteria in the presence of air. The solution containing is treated with scrap iron or dihydrogen .
Question 6.20 Why is zinc not extracted from zinc oxide through reduction using CO?
Answer :
According to the Ellingham diagram, the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of from is lower than the formation of from CO. So, therefore, CO cannot reduce to zinc ( ).
Question 6.21 The value of
for formation of is and that of . Is the reduction of possible with Al?
Answer :
......................... (-827 KJ/mol)
......................... (-540 KJ/mol)
_________________________________ (On substracting )
...............(-287 KJ/mol)
In the above reaction, we see that of formation of Cr is negative (-287 KJ/mol) Hence the reduction of with aluminium is possible.
Question 6 . 22. Out of C and CO, which is a better reducing agent for ZnO ?
Answer :
The Gibbs free energy formation of from is always higher than the Gibbs free energy of formation of . Thus CO cannot reduce .
On the other hand, Gibbs free energy of formation of from C is less than gibbs free energy of formation of . Hence C can easily reduce to zinc.
Answer :
From the graph we can observe that, a mtal oxide can reduce the oxide of other metals,if the of the first oxide is more than the second oxide.
example- can reduce to Zn but Zn cannot reduce because of from Mg is more negative.
Answer :
In Down's process, we prepare sodium metals in which chlorine is obtained as a by-product. It involves electrolysis of a fused mixture of and . Sodium is deposited at cathode and chlorine at anode as a by-product.
At Cathode -
At anode-
If an aqueous solution of NaCl is subjected to electrolysis, dihydrogen gas is evolved at the cathode while chlorine is obtained at the anode.
Question 6.26 Outline the principles of refining of metals by the following methods : (i) Zone refining
Answer :
ZONE REFINING- This method is based on that the impurities are more soluble in the molten state than n the solid state. In this process, a circular mobile heater surrounding the rod of impure metal is fixed at one end. Move the heater from one end to another end so that the impurities present in the rod also moves to the other end of the rod. Repeat the process several times again and again. Impurities get concentrated at separate ends of the rod. This end is cut off.
Question 6.26 Outline the principles of refining of metals by the following methods : (ii)Electrolytic refining
Answer :
Electrolytic refining- It is a process of refining impure metals by electricity . In this method, impure metal is act as anode and the same pure metal strip is act as cathode. Same metal salt which is soluble is taken as the electrolyte. When electricity is passed the metal ions deposited at the cathode (pure metal) and the impure metal is starting dissolving in the solution in the form of ions. Impurities present in metal (impure metal) gets collected at bottom of the anode (as anode mud )
Question 6.26 Outline the principles of refining of metals by the following methods :(iii)Vapour phase refining
Answer :
Vapour phase refining- In this process metal is converted into its volatile compound which is collected and decomposed to give pure metals.
Two major requirement-
Question 6.27 Predict conditions under which Al might be expected to reduce MgO.
Answer :
As per the Ellingham diagram, above 1350, the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of is lower than the from . So, that's why above , can reduce MgO.
Topics of NCERT Syllabus Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements-
6.1 Occurrence of Metals
6.2 Concentration of Ores
6.3 Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
6.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
6.5 Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
6.6 Oxidation Reduction1636.7Refining
6.8 Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, and Iron
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry
Chapter 1 | The Solid State |
Chapter 2 | Solutions |
Chapter 3 | Electrochemistry |
Chapter 4 | Chemical Kinetics |
Chapter 5 | Surface chemistry |
Chapter 6 | General Principles and Processes of isolation of elements |
Chapter 7 | The P-block elements |
Chapter 8 | The d and f block elements |
Chapter 9 | Coordination compounds |
Chapter 10 | Haloalkanes and Haloarenes |
Chapter 11 | Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers |
Chapter 12 | Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids |
Chapter 13 | Amines |
Chapter 14 | Biomolecules |
Chapter 15 | Polymers |
Chapter 16 | Chemistry in Everyday life |
In NCERT Class 12 Chemistry chapter 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements, there are a total of eight sub-topics that cover important concepts of the chapter.
After completing this NCERT Class 12th Chemistry solutions, you will be able to explain the terms like ores, minerals, concentration, benefaction, calcination, roasting, refining, etc.
You will be able to understand the principles of oxidation and reduction as applied to the process of extraction, to apply the thermodynamic concepts like that of entropy and Gibbs energy of the extraction of Cu, Al, Fe, and Zn etc.
The step-by-step solutions given in the NCERT class 12 Chemistry solutions chapter 6 will aid you in understanding the chapter easily.
The revision will be a lot much easier because with the help of solutions you will always remember the concepts and get very good marks in your class.
Homework will not be a problem now, all you need to do is check the detailed CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6 NCERT solutions and you are good to go.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6 PDF Download option can be used to download the complete page and read offline.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Subject wise
One question can be expected for JEE Main from the chapter General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Around 3 marks of questions will be asked in the CBSE exam from General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements. Follow NCERT book for a good score. More problems can be solved using NCERT exemplar for Class 12 Chemistry.
The important topics of this chapter are
Leaching reactions
Blast furnace reactions
Extraction processes
hello,
Yes you can appear for the compartment paper again since CBSE gives three chances to a candidate to clear his/her exams so you still have two more attempts. However, you can appear for your improvement paper for all subjects but you cannot appear for the ones in which you have failed.
I hope this was helpful!
Good Luck
Hello dear,
If you was not able to clear 1st compartment and now you giving second compartment so YES, you can go for your improvement exam next year but if a student receives an improvement, they are given the opportunity to retake the boards as a private candidate the following year, but there are some requirements. First, the student must pass all of their subjects; if they received a compartment in any subject, they must then pass the compartment exam before being eligible for the improvement.
As you can registered yourself as private candidate for giving your improvement exam of 12 standard CBSE(Central Board of Secondary Education).For that you have to wait for a whole year which is bit difficult for you.
Positive side of waiting for whole year is you have a whole year to preparing yourself for your examination. You have no distraction or something which may causes your failure in the exams. In whole year you have to stay focused on your 12 standard examination for doing well in it. By this you get a highest marks as a comparison of others.
Believe in Yourself! You can make anything happen
All the very best.
Hello Student,
I appreciate your Interest in education. See the improvement is not restricted to one subject or multiple subjects and we cannot say if improvement in one subject in one year leads to improvement in more subjects in coming year.
You just need to have a revision of all subjects what you have completed in the school. have a revision and practice of subjects and concepts helps you better.
All the best.
If you'll do hard work then by hard work of 6 months you can achieve your goal but you have to start studying for it dont waste your time its a very important year so please dont waste it otherwise you'll regret.
Yes, you can take admission in class 12th privately there are many colleges in which you can give 12th privately.
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In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.
Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.
Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.
Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning).
Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French, German, Italian.
The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.
Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.
A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.
A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.
A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment.
An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.
An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.
Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.
A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.
Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack